THE FORGOTTEN COUNTESS, ANNE BEAUCHAMP, COUNTESS
OF WARWICK
SEE WEBSITE CONOR BYRNE
Sunday, 8 November 2015
Tag Archives: Richard Duke of York
[Article of Conor Byrne]/The forgotten Countess, Anne Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick
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The Wars of the Roses/Manifesto of Margaret of Anjou to the citizens of London in 1461/Letter to Susan Higginbotham
RICHARD OF YORK, CLAIMANT TO THE ENGLISH THRONE
AND ONE OF THE MAIN LEADERS OF THE WAR OF ROSES
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
______________________________
EDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET, THE GREAT RIVAL
OF RICHARD, DUKE OF YORK
HISTORICAL FICTION
KING EDWARD IV, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK
HISTORICAL IMAGE
KING EDWARD IV, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK
HISTORICAL FICTION
RICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK, THE KINGMAKER
COUSIN TO EDWARD IV, FIRST ALLY TO HIS FATHER, RICHARD,
DUKE OF YORK, THEN TO KING EDWARD IV
LATER THEY BECAME ADVERSARIES AND THE KINGMAKER TURNED
TO MARGARET OF ANJOU [BECOMING A ”LANCASTRIAN] TO RESTORE HENRY VI TO THE THRONE
HE FAILED AND LOST HIS LIFE IN THE BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY
HIS DAUGHTER, ANNE, LATER BECAME QUEEN OF ENGLAND,
MARRIED TO KING RICHARD III [BROTHER TO KING EDWARD IV]
[FICTION]
MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
TWO IMAGES OF MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
[FICTION]
MANIFESTO OF MARGARET OF ANJOU TO THE CITIZENS OF
LONDON IN 1461/LETTER TO SUSAN HIGGINBOTHAM
Dear Mrs Higginbotham
As you probably know, I am a great admirer of your interesting
historical novels, especially your accurate historical research.
Perhaps you’ll remember that I wrote you some comments on your novel about
Margaret of Anjou ”Queen of Last Hopes”
See
Since then I wrote some critical remarks on your post
”If Margaret, why not Cecily?”
See your post
See my comments, which were published on your webliog
”History Refreshed”
MANIFESTO OF MARGARET OF ANJOU TO THE CITIZENS
OF LONDON IN 1461
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The Wars of the Roses/Enmity between Margaret of Anjou and Richard, Duke of York/After the battle of Wakefield/Manifesto of Margaret of Anjou to the citizens of London in 1461
RICHARD OF YORK, CLAIMANT TO THE ENGLISH THRONE
AND ONE OF THE MAIN LEADERS OF THE WAR OF ROSES
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
______________________________
EDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET, THE GREAT RIVAL
OF RICHARD, DUKE OF YORK
HISTORICAL FICTION
KING EDWARD IV, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK
HISTORICAL IMAGE
KING EDWARD IV, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK
HISTORICAL FICTION
RICHARD NEVILLE, 16TH EARL OF WARWICK, THE KINGMAKER
COUSIN TO EDWARD IV, FIRST ALLY TO HIS FATHER, RICHARD,
DUKE OF YORK, THEN TO KING EDWARD IV
LATER THEY BECAME ADVERSARIES AND THE KINGMAKER TURNED
TO MARGARET OF ANJOU [BECOMING A ”LANCASTRIAN] TO RESTORE HENRY VI TO THE THRONE
HE FAILED AND LOST HIS LIFE IN THE BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY
HIS DAUGHTER, ANNE, LATER BECAME QUEEN OF ENGLAND,
MARRIED TO KING RICHARD III [BROTHER TO KING EDWARD IV]
[FICTION]
MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
TWO IMAGES OF MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
[FICTION]
ENMITY BETWEEN MARGARET OF ANJOU AND RICHARD, DUKE OF YORK/
AFTER THE BATTLE OF WAKEFIELD/MANIFESTO OF MARGARET OF
ANJOU TO THE CITIZENS OF LONDON IN 1461
I proudly present one of the rare documents I found in which Queen Margaret
of Anjou refers to her great enemy, Richard, Duke of York.
It is to be read in a Manifesto she proclaimed to the citizens
of London concerning her military campaigns after
the Battle of Wakefield.
See the text of the Manifesto below
But first:
BACKGROUND
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The Wars of the Roses/[Rusell Butcher]/Propaganda in the prepared parliamentary speeches of 1455-1461
RUSELL BUTCHER
Propaganda, perceived by many as a twentieth-century phenomenon, has permeated recorded history. The mass propaganda of the world wars and cold war linger most in present memory, due not only to its chronological proximity, but also its potency. Earlier uses of propaganda can easily be overshadowed, in many cases considered mere bias. Yet it has always existed, and in England developed particularly in the years from 1455 to 1485, which saw a growth in the awareness for the need of propaganda to stabilise or undermine the regime in power. Many historians have made reference to propaganda in the prepared speeches in the parliamentary records for 1455-61, but few have scrutinised them as a whole as I intend to do here.
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The Wars of the Roses/Rivalry between Richard, Duke of York and the Duke of Somerset/The oath of allegiance of Richard, Duke of York to King Henry VI at St Paul´s Cathedral in 1452
RICHARD OF YORK, CLAIMANT TO THE ENGLISH THRONE
AND ONE OF THE MAIN LEADERS OF THE WAR OF ROSES
[WAR BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK,
BOTH DESCENDANTS OF KING EDWARD III]
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
______________________________
EDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET, THE GREAT RIVAL
OF RICHARD, DUKE OF YORK
HISTORICAL FICTION
MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
TWO IMAGES OF MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
[FICTION]
WARS OF THE ROSES
RIVALRY BETWEEN RICHARD, DUKE
OF YORK AND THE DUKE OF SOMERSET/
THE OATH OF ALLEGIANCE OF RICHARD, DUKE
OF YORK TO KING HENRY VI IN THE ST PAUL´S
CATHEDRAL IN 1452
INTRODUCTION
Presenting the oath of allegiance that Richard, Duke of York had to
swear to King Henry VI, which I found in the Paston Letters.
This oath was the direct result of the rivalry between
Richard, Duke of York and Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset,which
came to an armed clash with King Henry VI in 1450 as 1452, not challenging
the King´s power, as sometimes is assumed, but to dismiss
Somerset as councillor of the King.
Trying to get rid of Somerset, York had also made two
proclamations, one at the 9th of january and when that didn’t
work, and then, a stronger one at the 3rd of february, 1452, showing
more enmity against Somerset than in the first.
However, this strike was for Somerset,
because York was arrested and had to swear an oath of
allegiance to King Henry VI at St Paul’s Cathedral, while Somerset was still
in favour.
Eventually, this rivalry,
together with other causes, would lead to the Wars of the Roses.
BACKGROUND
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The Wars of the Roses/The House of York/Reaction on Encyclopaedia Britannica’s changes in their article after my comments
HISTORICAL FICTION
HISTORICAL IMAGE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
KING RICHARD II, [SON OF THE BLACK PRINCE, THE FIRST
SON OF KING EDWARD III AND THEREFORE SUCCESSOR
OF KING EDWARD III], WHO DECLARED ROGER MORTIMER
HIS HEIR PRESUMPTIVE.
ROGER MORTIMER WAS THE SON OF RICHARD II’S FIRST
COUSIN PHILIPPA,
THE DAUGHTER OF THE SECOND SON OF KING EDWARD III,
LIONEL OF ANTWERP
AND THEREFORE NEXT IN LINE TO THE SUCCESSION TO
THE THRONE, AS LONG AS RICHARD II WAS CHILDLESS.
ROGER MORTIMER HAD TWO CHILDREN, EDMUND, 4TH EARL OF
MARCH AND ANNE MORTIMER, WHO MARRIED RICHARD CONISBURGH,
SON OF EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF YORK [FOURTH SON
OF EDWARD III]
AFTER HIS DEATH, ROGER MORTIMER PASSED HIS HEIR
PRESUMPTIVE RIGHT TO HIS SON EDMUND, 5TH EARL
OF MARCH, WHO PASSED THIS RIGHT TO HIS NEPHEW
RICHARD, DUKE OF YORK, SON OF HIS SISTER
ANNE MORTIMER.
WHEN RICHARD II WAS USURPED BY HIS COUSIN
HENRY BOLINGBROKE [LATER KING HENRY IV, SON OF JOHN
OF GAUNT, THE THIRD SON OF KING EDWARD III AND
THEREFORE WITH A LESSER RIGHT TO THE THRONE
THAN EDMUND MORTIMER],
EDMUND, THE SON OF THE LATE ROGER MORTIMER,
BEING THE RIGHTFUL SUCCESSOR, WAS OVERLOOKED.
ROGER MORTIMER’S SON AND DAUGHTER, EDMUND AND
ANNE MORTIMER
ANNE MORTIMER’S SON, RICHARD, DUKE OF YORK,
GRANDSON [FROM HIS MOTHER’S SIDE]
OF ROGER MORTIMER
HIS CLAIM TO THE THRONE WAS BASED ON HIS
MATERNAL SIDE AND SUPERIOR TO THE LANCASTERS,
WHO DESCENDED FROM THE THIRD SON OF EDWARD III,
WHILE RICHARD DESCENDED FROM THE SECOND SON
.jpg)
KING HENRY IV, WHO USURPED THE THRONE OF RICHARD II AS
HENRY BOLINGBROKE, HIS COUSIN
RICHARD OF YORK, CLAIMANT TO THE ENGLISH THRONE
AND ONE OF THE MAIN LEADERS OF THE WAR OF ROSES
[WAR BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK,
BOTH DESCENDANTS OF KING EDWARD III]
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
KING HENRY V, SON OF KING HENRY IV
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
.jpg)
KING HENRY VI OF ENGLAND, SON OF KING HENRY V
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
TWO IMAGES OF MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
[FICTION]
KING EDWARD IV, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK
[FICTION]
KING RICHARD III, SON OF RICHARD,
DUKE OF YORK
HISTORICAL IMAGE
KING HENRY VII, THE FIRST TUDOR KING
AND FOUNDER OF THE TUDOR DYNASTY
HISTORICAL IMAGE
THE WARS OF THE ROSES/THE HOUSE OF YORK/REACTION
ON ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA’S CHANGES IN THEIR
ARTICLE AFTER MY COMMENTS
Dear Readers,
Recently I wrote to Encyclopaedia Britannica about their
article ”The House of York”, adding some critical remarks.
Reasons?
Two.
FIRST:
Encyclopaedia Britannica called the overthrow of King Henry VI
by the son of Richard, Duke of York, the later King Edward IV,
after his victory in the Battle of Towton, an ”usurpation”.
In my letter to Encyclopaedia Britannica, I pointed out,
that although it was a deposing of King Henry VI, it was no
”usurpation”, because of the York superior claim to
the throne, by descending from maternal side from
King Edward III’s second son, Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of
Clarence, while the Lancasters descended from the third
son of King Edward III, John of Gaunt.
King Richard II appointed the grandson of Lionel
of Antwerp, Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March,
[the son of Lionel’s daughter Philippa Plantagenet,
who married Edmund Mortimer, 3th Earl of March,
as his heir presumptive
to the throne, a right which passed through his son, Edmund
Were Richard II not usurped by his cousin, Henrt Bolingbroke
[the later King Henry IV, and Richard II died childless, Edmund
Mortimer should be King of England.
And Edmund Mortimer was the maternal uncle
of Richard, Duke of York, who was the son of Edmund Mortimer’s
sister, Anne Mortimer.
Since Edmund Mortimer died childless, Richard of York inherited
his vast estates and the title of Earl of March [he became the
6th Earl of March], which he passed
to his son, the later Edward IV.
So when Edward IV overthrew Henry VI, it was a deposal, not
usurpation.
SECOND
When mentioning the Act of Accord of 1460, by which
Richard of York and Parliament agreed, that Richard of York
would succeed Henry VI after his death [and thus disinheriting
Edward of Westminster, the son of Henry VI, which infuriated
of course his mother, Margaret of Anjou], which was confirmed
by Richard’s superior claim to the throne,
Encyclopaedia Britannica made a remark about the
”weakness” in this claim by deriving from females.
I challenged that by pointing out, that four English Kings
REACTION OF ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA
I received an interesting and partly satisfying reaction
from Encyclopaedia Britannica with some changes
in the article
This was their reaction:
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The Wars of the Roses/[Susan Higginbotham’s History Refreshed]/The captivity of Margaret of Anjou
A comment on Margaret’s Facebook page (thanks, Marilyn!) reminded me that I’ve never posted in detail about Margaret’s captivity following her defeat at Tewkesbury. So now I’m going to remedy this situation.
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The Wars of the Roses/Rivalry between Richard, Duke of York and the Duke of Somerset/Two proclamations of Richard of York/[The Paston Letters and Selections from the sources of English history]
RICHARD OF YORK, CLAIMANT TO THE ENGLISH THRONE
AND ONE OF THE MAIN LEADERS OF THE WAR OF ROSES
[WAR BETWEEN THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK,
BOTH DESCENDANTS OF KING EDWARD III]
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
______________________________
EDMUND BEAUFORT, 2ND DUKE OF SOMERSET, THE GREAT RIVAL
OF RICHARD, DUKE OF YORK
HISTORICAL FICTION
MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
[HISTORICAL IMAGE]
TWO IMAGES OF MARGARET OF ANJOU, QUEEN OF ENGLAND
[FICTION]
WARS OF THE ROSES
RIVALRY BETWEEN RICHARD, DUKE
OF YORK AND THE DUKE OF SOMERSET/
TWO PROCLAMATIONS OF RICHARD, DUKE OF YORK IN 1452
[PASTON LETTERS AND SELECTIONS FROM THE SOURCES OF
ENGLISH HISTORY]
INTRODUCTION
These two proclamations of Richard, Duke of York, which I found in the Paston
Letters and ”Selections from the Sources of English history” are
very interesting, since they concern the major conflict between Richard,
Duke of York and Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, one of the direct
causes to the Wars of the Roses.
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The Wars of the Roses/A Nevill Feast/Comments on Summarising/The Wars of the Roses/The Princes in the Tower
KING EDWARD IV, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK AND FATHER TO THE ”PRINCES OF
THE TOWER” AND ELIZABETH OF YORK,
WIFE TO THE LATER KING HENRY VII [HENRY
TUDOR] AND MOTHER TO KING HENRY VIII
HISTORICAL IMAGE
KING EDWARD IV, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK AND FATHER TO THE ”PRINCES OF
THE TOWER” AND ELIZABETH OF YORK,
WIFE TO THE LATER KING HENRY VII [HENRY
TUDOR] AND MOTHER TO KING HENRY VIII
HISTORICAL FICTION
KING RICHARD III, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE
OF YORK, BROTHER OF KING EDWARD IV AND THE
UNCLE OF THE ”PRINCES OF THE TOWER”,
WHO DEPOSED
HIS ELDEST NEPHEW EDWARD V TO BECOME KING.
HISTORICAL IMAGE
THE PRINCES IN THE TOWER
[THE TWO SONS OF KING EDWARD IV, WHO
DISAPPEARED IN THE TOWER, PROBABLY MURDERED, THE ELDEST ONE
WAS SHORTLY EDWARD Y, BEFORE HE WAS DEPOSED BY HIS UNCLE RICHARD,
DUKE OF GLOUCESTER, THE LATER KING RICHARD III]
The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878, part of the Royal Holloway picture collection
EDWARD V, THE ELDEST OF THE PRINCES IN THE TOWER, WHO
SHORTLY BECAME KING, BEFORE HE WAS DEPOSED BY HIS UNCLE RICHARD,
DUKE OF GLOUCESTER, THE LATER KING RICHARD III
HISTORICAL IMAGE
RICHARD,3RD DUKE OF YORK, FATHER OF
EDWARD IV AND RICHARD III
AND GRANDFATHER OF ”THE PRINCES OF THE TOWER”
AND ELIZABETH OF YORK
HISTORICAL IMAGE
CECILY OF YORK, WIFE OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK, MOTHER OF EDWARD IV AND RICHARD III
AND GRANDMOTHER OF ”THE PRINCES OF THE TOWER”
AND ELIZABETH OF YORK
HISTORICAL IMAGE
FICTION
Lady Margaret Beaufort at prayer.
HISTORICAL IMAGE
MARGARET BEAUFORT, WIFE OF EDMUND TUDOR,
MOTHER OF HENRY TUDOR, LATER KING HENRY VII
FICTION
HENRY VII, SON OF MARGARET BEAUFORT AND
EDMUND TUDOR, FATHER OF HENRY VIII
HISTORICAL IMAGE
ELIZABETH OF YORK, DAUGHTER OF EDWARD IV,
WIFE OF HENRY VII AND MOTHER OF HENRY VIII
HISTORICAL IMAGE
A NEVILL FEAST/COMMENTS ON SUMMARISING/THE WARS OF THE ROSES/THE PRINCES
IN THE TOWER
A NEVILL FEAST
MY COMMENTS ON SUMMARISING
[See below the text of Summarising]
THE PRINCES OF THE TOWER/A TRAGEDY/MURDER OR DISSAPEARANCE
SOME REFLECTIONS
Dear Nevill Feast
Thanks for your very interesting contribution.
I agree with you, that it’s of importance to look to
the unresolved tragedy of the ”Princes of the Tower rationally.
First, there is no proof whatsoever, that they were really murdered.
The only fact we have is, that after their arrival in the Tower
[for the supposedly coronation of the oldest one to King Edward V],
they were not seen in public after 1483.
Fact is also, that their uncle Richard deposed Edward V, alleging,
that the marriage of his brother King Edward IV with Elizabeth Woodville
were illegitimate since Edwards supposedly earlier marriage to
Eleanor Butler.
Be as it may, it suited Richard well, who obviously wanted to be King.
But was he also a murderer?
There is simply no proof for that.
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The Wars of the Roses/The Princes in the Tower/Susan Higginbotham/History Refreshed/”If Margaret, why not Cecily”/Some Comments
KING EDWARD IV, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK AND FATHER TO THE ”PRINCES OF
THE TOWER” AND ELIZABETH OF YORK,
WIFE TO THE LATER KING HENRY VII [HENRY
TUDOR] AND MOTHER TO KING HENRY VIII
HISTORICAL IMAGE
KING EDWARD IV, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK AND FATHER TO THE ”PRINCES OF
THE TOWER” AND ELIZABETH OF YORK,
WIFE TO THE LATER KING HENRY VII [HENRY
TUDOR] AND MOTHER TO KING HENRY VIII
HISTORICAL FICTION
KING RICHARD III, SON OF RICHARD, DUKE
OF YORK, BROTHER OF KING EDWARD IV AND THE
UNCLE OF THE ”PRINCES OF THE TOWER”, WHO DEPOSED
HIS ELDEST NEPHEW EDWARD V TO BECOME KING.
HISTORICAL IMAGE
THE PRINCES IN THE TOWER
[THE TWO SONS OF KING EDWARD IV, WHO
DISAPPEARED IN THE TOWER, PROBABLY MURDERED, THE ELDEST ONE
WAS SHORTLY EDWARD Y, BEFORE HE WAS DEPOSED BY HIS UNCLE RICHARD,
DUKE OF GLOUCESTER, THE LATER KING RICHARD III]
The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878, part of the Royal Holloway picture collection
EDWARD V, THE ELDEST OF THE PRINCES IN THE TOWER, WHO
SHORTLY BECAME KING, BEFORE HE WAS DEPOSED BY HIS UNCLE RICHARD,
DUKE OF GLOUCESTER, THE LATER KING RICHARD III
HISTORICAL IMAGE
RICHARD,3RD DUKE OF YORK, FATHER OF
EDWARD IV AND RICHARD III
AND GRANDFATHER OF ”THE PRINCES OF THE TOWER”
AND ELIZABETH OF YORK
HISTORICAL IMAGE
CECILY OF YORK, WIFE OF RICHARD, DUKE OF
YORK, MOTHER OF EDWARD IV AND RICHARD III
AND GRANDMOTHER OF ”THE PRINCES OF THE TOWER”
AND ELIZABETH OF YORK
HISTORICAL IMAGE
FICTION
Lady Margaret Beaufort at prayer.
HISTORICAL IMAGE
MARGARET BEAUFORT, WIFE OF EDMUND TUDOR,
MOTHER OF HENRY TUDOR, LATER KING HENRY VII
FICTION
HENRY VII, SON OF MARGARET BEAUFORT AND
EDMUND TUDOR, FATHER OF HENRY VIII
HISTORICAL IMAGE
ELIZABETH OF YORK, DAUGHTER OF EDWARD IV,
WIFE OF HENRY VII AND MOTHER OF HENRY VIII
HISTORICAL IMAGE
THE WARS OF THE ROSES/THE PRINCES
OF THE TOWER/COMMENTS ON SUSAN HIGGINBOTHAM/
HISTORY REFRESHED/”IF MARGARET, WHY NOT CECILY”
I make a travel to the past with you again.
This time to the period, that can be called the swan song
of the Wars of the Roses, King Edward IV been dead and
his sons, the socalled ”Princes in the Tower”
dissappeared in the Tower, probably murdered.
In her interesting Blog Contribution,”If Margaret, why not
Cecily’‘, history novel
writer Susan Higginbotham speculates that if
one can assume, that Margaret Beaufort, [mother
of the later King Henry VII],
could have ordered thei killings of the princes, instead of King
Richard III, [the general popular belief], Cecily Duchess of York,
[mother of Edward IV and grandmother
of the ”Princes of the Tower”], could also have ordered their death.
However, Higginbotham states, that their is no proof of
the guilt of both the ladies, she wants to point out
that it is as invalid to accuse Margaret, as Cecily.
I disagree with Higginbotham since, to my opinion, Margaret had
a clearer motive for the killings than Cecily.
Besides, Margaret had as much opportunity, meaning
access to the Tower as Cecily.
And Margaretalso ran lesser risks than was stated by Higginbotham.
But that comes below.
First I want to travel with you to
the last period of the bloody Wars of the Roses, where,
the House of York concerned, brother turned against brother,
which finally was one of the causes, the House of
Tudor rose to power.
End of the impressive House of Plantagenet.
However, the York dynasty, with their superior right
to the throne over Lancaster, survived through
the marriage of Elizabeth of York, daughter
of Edward IV, to Henry VII, which finally,
made Richard Duke of York
and his wife Cecily Neville, Duchess of York,
the ancestors to all subsequent English monarchs.
ENTER THE WORLD
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