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HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
TUNISIA: CRISIS AS BLACK AFRICANS EXPELLED TO
LIBYA BORDER
Allow Aid Access; Take People to Safety
6 JULY 2023
(Tunis) – Tunisian security forces have collectively expelled several hundred Black African migrants and asylum seekers, including children and pregnant women, since July 2, 2023 to a remote, militarized buffer zone at the Tunisia–Libya border, Human Rights Watch said today. The group includes people with both regular and irregular legal status in Tunisia, expelled without due process. Many reported violence by authorities during arrest or expulsion.
“The Tunisian government should halt collective expulsions and urgently enable humanitarian access to the African migrants and asylum seekers already expelled to a dangerous area at the Tunisia-Libya border, with little food and no medical assistance,” said Lauren Seibert, refugee and migrant rights researcher at Human Rights Watch. “Not only is it unconscionable to abuse people and abandon them in the desert, but collective expulsions violate international law.”
Between July 2 and 6, Human Rights Watch interviewed five people by phone who had been expelled, including an Ivorian asylum seeker and four migrants: two Ivorian men, a Cameroonian man, and a 16-year-old Cameroonian girl. Interviewees’ names are not used for their protection. They could not give an exact number, but estimated that Tunisian authorities had expelled between 500 and 700 people since July 2 to the border area, around 35 kilometers east of the town Ben Guerdane. They arrived in at least four different groups, ranging in size.
The people expelled were of many African nationalities – Ivorian, Cameroonian, Malian, Guinean, Chadian, Sudanese, Senegalese, and others – and included at least 29 children and three pregnant women, interviewees said. At least six expelled people were asylum seekers registered with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), while at least two adults had consular cards identifying them as students in Tunisia.
People interviewed said they had been arrested in raids by police, national guard, or military in and near Sfax, a port city southeast of the capital, Tunis. National guard and military forces rapidly transported them 300 kilometers to Ben Guerdane, then to the Libya border, where they were effectively trapped in what they described as a buffer zone from which they could neither enter Libya nor return to Tunisia.
Tensions have been high in Sfax for months as Tunisian residents campaigned for African foreigners to leave, escalating to recent attacks against Black Africans and clashes with Tunisians. A man from Benin was killed in May and a Tunisian man on July 3. Videos circulating on social media in early July depicted groups of Tunisian men threatening Black Africans with batons and knives, and in other videos, security officers shoving Black Africans into vans while people cheered.
People interviewed said that Tunisian security forces had smashed nearly everyone’s phones prior to expulsion. They communicated with Human Rights Watch primarily through a phone that one man had managed to hide. They provided their GPS location on July 2 and July 4, as well as videos and photos of smashed phones; expelled people and their injuries, reportedly from security force beatings; and passports, consular cards, and asylum seeker cards.
Those interviewed alleged that several people died or were killed at the border area between July 2 and 5 – including, they said, some shot and others beaten by Tunisian military or national guard. They also said that Libyan men carrying machetes or other weapons had robbed some people and raped several women, either in the buffer zone or after they managed to cross into Libya to look for food. No nongovernmental groups had access to the area, so Human Rights Watch could not independently confirm these accounts.
One video the migrants sent to Human Rights Watch showed a woman describing sexual assault apparently by Tunisian security forces. In another video, a woman says she had a miscarriage after the expulsion.
“We are at the Tunisia-Libya border, at the seaside,” said an Ivorian asylum seeker on July 4. “We were beaten [by Tunisian security forces].…We have many injured people here.…We have children who haven’t eaten for days … forced to drink sea water. We have a [Guinean] pregnant woman who went into labor … she died this morning … the baby died too.”
At the start of the expulsions, a group of 20 was dropped at the border the morning of July 2. Human Rights Watch interviewed two people in the group: a 29-year-old Ivorian man, and a 16-year-old Cameroonian girl.
The Ivorian man said that on July 1, police, national guard, and military personnel raided the house where they were staying – arresting 48 people – in Jbeniana, 35 kilometers north of Sfax. He said the detained people had entered Tunisia at various times, some regularly and some irregularly, but none he knew had passed through Libya. Tunisian authorities took the 48 people to a police station, examined their documents, and recorded their information. Security forces divided them into two groups, and drove the man’s group to Ben Guerdane, he said.
The man said they made stops at three bases in Ben Guerdane, and military or national guard officers “beat us like animals … punching, kicking, slapping, hitting us with batons,” and sexually harassed and assaulted the women, including groping them. “They started to touch me everywhere,” said the Cameroonian girl in the same group. “They slammed my head against their vehicle.”
The security forces threw away their food, smashed their phones, and left them at the border, the Ivorian man said. Two armed men in uniform from Libya later approached them and ordered them to return to Tunisia, he said, while on the other side, Tunisian military beat several men who sought to cross back to Tunisia.
Two men in a second expelled group, Cameroonian and Ivorian, said they and others had been arrested during raids on their houses in Sfax, on July 3 between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m., by police, national guard, and military. They said that authorities did not ask for anyone’s documents or record their personal information, though some were in Tunisia legally; instead, they drove them swiftly overnight to Ben Guerdane.
“We are from different countries of origin … and they brought us 300 kilometers from Sfax [to expel us] … instead of bringing us to Tunis, to our embassies,” the Ivorian asylum seeker said. “It’s inhuman.”
On July 5 and 6, authorities expelled a third and fourth group, each an estimated 200-300 people, from Sfax. Videos interviewees shared showed many injured people among the arrivals, with open wounds, bandaged limbs, and one with an apparently broken leg.
As of July 5, no humanitarian aid from the Tunisian side had reached the group, though the Ivorian man from the first expelled group said some uniformed Libyan men arrived that evening to provide some water and cookies for the children. But then on July 6, “The [same] Libyans … started to shoot in the air, burn things, chase us.… The Libyans told us to leave the territory and go toward the Tunisian side. They started to take out their guns to threaten us.”
On July 6, Human Rights Watch contacted representatives of the Tunisian Interior, Defense and Foreign Affairs ministries by phone, but was unable to obtain information.
President Kais Saied, in an inflammatory February speech that triggered a surge of racist attacks against Black Africans, had linked undocumented African migrants to crime and a “plot” to alter Tunisia’s demographic makeup. In a July 4 statement, Saied referenced “the criminal operation that occurred yesterday” in Sfax, referring to the Tunisian man’s killing, and said, “Tunisia is a country that only accepts people residing on its territory in accordance with its laws, and does not accept to be a transit or settlement zone for people arriving from numerous African countries.”
Tunisia is party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, which prohibits collective expulsions, as well as the UN and African Refugee Conventions, the Convention Against Torture, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which prohibit refoulement – forced returns or expulsions to countries where people could face torture, threats to their lives or freedom, or other serious harm. All countries should suspend expulsions or forced returns to Libya, given the serious harm people may face there. Governments should also not expel asylum seekers whose refugee claims have not been fully examined.
The Tunisian government should respect international law and conduct individual legal status assessments in accordance with due process before deporting anyone, Human Rights Watch said. The government should also investigate and hold to account security forces implicated in abuses.
Diplomatic delegations of African countries should seek to locate and evacuate any of their nationals expelled to the Tunisia-Libya border who wish to voluntarily return to their countries of origin, while the African Union Commission should condemn the abusive expulsions and press Tunisia to provide immediate assistance to affected Africans.
“African migrants and asylum seekers, including children, are desperate to get out of the dangerous border zone and find food, medical care, and safety,” Seibert said. “There is no time to waste.”
END OF STATEMENT HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
TUNISIA: PRESIDENT’S RACIST SPEECH INCITES A WAVE
OF VIOLENCE AGAINST BLACK AFRICANS
10 MARCH 2023
Tunisian authorities should ensure an immediate end to the wave of attacks against Black African migrants across Tunisia which started in early February and accelerated following racist and xenophobic comments made by President Kais Saied on 21 February, Amnesty International said today.
The authorities must investigate and hold perpetrators to account, including, in particular, where police officers were involved in the assault. They should release all arbitrarily detained migrants and ensure that they are not involuntarily returned.
President Saied’s discriminatory and hateful remarks during a National Security Council meeting on 21 February triggered an upsurge in anti-Black racist violence, with mobs taking to the streets and attacking Black migrants, students and asylum seekers, and police officers detaining and deporting scores.
President Saied said that “hordes of irregular migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa” had come to Tunisia, “with all the violence, crime, and unacceptable practices that entails”. He said this was an “unnatural” situation and part of a criminal plan designed to “change the demographic make-up” and turn Tunisia into “just another African country that doesn’t belong to the Arab and Islamic nations any more”.
“President Saied must retract his comments and order investigations to clearly signal that anti-Black racist violence will not be tolerated. The president must stop finding scapegoats for Tunisia’s economic and political woes. The community of Black African migrants in Tunisia is now gripped by fear of assault or being arbitrarily arrested and summarily deported,” said Heba Morayef, Amnesty International’s Director for the Middle East and North Africa.
“So far, the Tunisian authorities have sought to downplay these violent attacks and even deny them altogether. Authorities should prioritize the investigation of incidents of police violence against Black migrants, put an immediate end to forcible returns currently underway and prevent any further racially motivated attacks by gangs or state agents.”
For two weeks, the authorities denied racist violence against Black Africans had occurred. After the international outcry provoked by the President’s comments, the authorities announced, “new measures” on 5 March to facilitate the legal residency of migrants, as well as a process of repatriation for those “wishing to voluntarily leave the country,” but the attacks and violence have continued.
Amnesty International interviewed 20 people in Tunis, among them five asylum seekers and 15 undocumented migrants from Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Guinea and Ivory Coast. They were all attacked by mobs, and in at least three cases, the police were present but failed to intervene to stop the attacks or arrest the perpetrators.
Since the beginning of February, Avocats sans Frontières (ASF), an organization providing legal aid to asylum seekers and migrants, has confirmed at least 840 Black African migrants, students and asylum seekers rounded up in several cities in Tunisia.
Many of those interviewed said that violence and hostility against Black people were a regular feature of their life in Tunisia. However, 20 witnesses said the attacks escalated after the President’s speech.
Racist attacks by mobs after the president’s incitement
Witnesses described to Amnesty International how, after the president’s speech, Tunisian men, sometimes armed with batons and knives, had taken to the streets of the capital and attacked them or raided their houses.
On 24 February, Manuela D, 22, a Cameroonian asylum seeker, was stabbed in the chest, causing horrific injuries. She was attacked by a group of six men who shouted racist insults at her.
She told Amnesty International that she was in Ariana neighbourhood in Tunis, outside a café, when she felt a violent blow on the neck. She fell on the ground and heard voices shouting, in French “go back home, you gang of Blacks, we don’t want you here.”
When she woke up, she was in the hospital, covered in blood, her clothes torn. She had a long open wound on her right breast, and other injuries to her abdomen and her lips. She shared with Amnesty International a photo taken that night, showing the injury sustained to her breast.
Aziz, 21, from Sierra Leone, told Amnesty International that he came to Tunisia in June 2021 to work as a construction worker. He said that a few days after the president’s speech, 10 Tunisians came to his house in Ariana, broke the door, stole his things and forced him and his family out. He said the people who attacked and shoved him and his wife said: “all Black people must leave, they don’t want to see us, they don’t want us here… they took our money, even our food, they said we don’t want any Black people, go back to Africa.”
In eight cases, migrant workers and asylum seekers said that they had been forced out of their homes by mobs, and that their belongings had been either stolen or destroyed. Ten told Amnesty International that they had been expelled by their landlords after authorities threatened to punish anyone hosting or employing “illegal migrants”.
Some of those interviewed were staying in unhygienic conditions in a makeshift camp in front of the International Organisation for Migration, in Tunis, with no access to food except some distributed by volunteer citizens’ groups, or a toilet, or warm clothes, having lost all their belongings.
Assault by the police
Three witnesses said they were assaulted or arrested by the police.
Milena, a student from Burkina Faso, reported that she was subjected to physical and verbal attack by the police.
She told Amnesty International that she was coming out of the supermarket on the morning of 3 March when three Tunisian men standing nearby began to insult her, telling her to leave the country.
A passing police car then stopped, but instead of addressing the men, asked her to produce her residency permit. She replied that she was a student and produced her school documents.
However, she was immediately handcuffed, forced into the police car and taken to Ariana police station. She said: “When I got to the police station one policeman shouted at me saying “you Blacks create problems” … and another one kneed me in the stomach.”
After four hours of detention, they released her after a Tunisian woman whom she knew, came to vouch for her.
Arrest and forcible return
Djomo, 30, a construction worker from Cote d’Ivoire, told Amnesty International that on 5 March, at about 8 pm, he was sleeping in a house in Sfax that he shares with five others, when he heard a loud bang on the door and a group of around 10 men broke in.
“They were armed with batons, some forced two of my flatmates out and beat them until they fell on the floor. Others started destroying everything in the house, they took the money and phones of some of us. The National Guard came 30 minutes later, they didn’t arrest the assailants, but instead handcuffed us and took us to their headquarters.”
He said that he had been arrested along with 25 others that night, including an eight-months pregnant woman. The following day, all 25 were taken to court but they were freed in the afternoon without trial. Djomo said that the landlord told them they cannot come back to the house. At the time of the interview, he was living rough on the street.
Amnesty International reviewed recent videos and photos taken from inside Ouardia, a detention centre in Tunis, showing security agents beating migrants. In one video, officers forcefully dragged a Black man down a flight of stairs.
In recent days hundreds of Black Africans have been intimidated into returning to their own countries. At least 300 Malians and Ivorians were returned to their countries on 4 March as part of what has been described as a “voluntary evacuation”. A group of Guinean migrants were repatriated on 1 March.
Background
In 2018, Tunisia was the first country in the MENA region to enact a law that penalizes racial discrimination and allows victims of racism to seek redress for verbal abuse or physical acts of racism. In recent months, a campaign of anti-Black hatred has swept social media and the media. A party called the Tunisian Nationalist party, which espouses “great replacement” ideology, and considers that the presence of Black Africans in Tunisia is part of a “plot to change the composition of society,” is regularly invited in the media and its members are vocal in expressing these views online, with no reaction from the authorities.
END OF AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL STATEMENT
Black African foreigners in Tunisia have been the subject of sporadic racist assaults by Tunisians for years. But following the president’s speech, they have suffered a surge in attacks, reportedly often accompanied by robbery, along with evictions and job loss. According to ASF, instead of assisting victims, police arrested some undocumented migrants when they tried to report assaults.”
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
TUNISIA: RACIST VIOLENCE TARGETS BLACK MIGRANTS,
REFUGEES
Authorities Should Provide Protection; Prosecute Attackers
10 MARCH 2023
(Tunis) – President Kais Saied’s recent attempt to mitigate the serious harm that a speech he made on February 21, 2023, caused Black African migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees in Tunisia does not go far enough, Human Rights Watch said today. Measures announced on March 5 fall far short of the steps needed to end a surge in violent assaults, robberies, and vandalism by Tunisian citizens, arbitrary evictions by landlords, and job terminations by employers, that followed Saied’s speech.
Meanwhile, scores of Black African foreigners, asylum seekers, and refugees, many of them suddenly homeless, remain camped out in front of international organizations’ headquarters, saying they feel safer there from assaults and arbitrary arrests than elsewhere in Tunisia. Others are keeping low profiles elsewhere, telling Human Rights Watch that they avoid venturing outside as much as possible.
“After fanning the flames of anti-immigrant violence, President Saied now offers only a spoonful of water to contain them,” said Salsabil Chellali, Tunisia director at Human Rights Watch. “The Tunisian government should immediately stop arbitrarily arresting Black African foreigners, review individual cases to ensure due process for everyone arrested, release those arbitrarily detained, and swiftly investigate and hold to account those responsible for racist attacks and abuses.”
Between February 24 and March 3, Human Rights Watch interviewed 16 nationals of West and Central African countries who live in Tunisia, documenting their accounts of being beaten, robbed, or otherwise abused since the president’s speech. They include seven migrant workers, six of whom are undocumented and one who is a legal resident; five students; and four asylum seekers registered with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).
Thirteen of those interviewed said that Tunisians had assaulted, robbed, or discriminated against them or used racist slurs between February 21 and March 1. Since the president’s statements, 11 had been arbitrarily evicted, and 2 fled their homes fearing for their safety. Eight of the nine who had worked before the speech have not been allowed to work since and have lost all sources of income. Nearly all said that the president’s statements and the increase in racist attacks have left them worried for their safety and afraid to walk the streets.
A 2021 estimate put the number of foreigners from non-Maghreb African countries in Tunisia at over 21,000, in a country with a population of 12 million. About 7,200 are students in Tunisian schools, according to the Higher Education Ministry. UNHCR reported that 9,000 refugees and asylum seekers were registered in the country as of January, with the majority from the Ivory Coast, Syria, Cameroon, and Sudan, and smaller numbers of Guineans, Libyans, and other nationalities.
Beginning in early February, Tunisian police carried out arrests, seemingly targeting Black African foreigners based on their appearance or the neighborhoods in which they live. At least 850 were reportedly indiscriminately arrested, apparently based on racial profiling, according to the Tunisian chapter of Lawyers Without Borders (ASF).
Those arrested included both undocumented people and others with credentials, including some registered refugees and asylum seekers. On March 9, the African Students and Interns’ Association in Tunisia (AESAT) told Human Rights Watch that at least 44 students had been arrested since February 21, and some are still detained. More than 40 students reported violent attacks.
On February 21, Saied claimed that a “criminal plan” was aiming through “successive waves of irregular migration” to “alter Tunisia’s demographic make-up … to consider it solely African with no affiliation to the Arab or Islamic nations.” Referring to crime and undocumented migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa in the same breath, he ordered the authorities to strictly enforce the law regulating the presence of foreigners in Tunisia.
Black African foreigners in Tunisia have been the subject of sporadic racist assaults by Tunisians for years. But following the president’s speech, they have suffered a surge in attacks, reportedly often accompanied by robbery, along with evictions and job loss. According to ASF, instead of assisting victims, police arrested some undocumented migrants when they tried to report assaults.
On March 5, the presidency issued a statement rejecting “alleged racism” and listing planned measures “to facilitate the procedures for foreign residents and to protect various communities,” including streamlining registration for foreign students, facilitating voluntary repatriations, and a new hotline to report abuses.
However, the statement did not condemn the criminal assaults on Black migrants, or instruct the security forces to protect those at risk or prosecutors to hold accountable anyone suspected of carrying out criminal acts against foreigners. The authorities have announced only one arrest in the wave of assaults, creating an atmosphere of impunity that can embolden potential attackers.
The following are the accounts of three Black African foreign nationals in Tunisia Human Rights Watch interviewed.
A 20-year-old Malian studying international trade, has been in Tunisia since September 2020. On March 1, while on his way home from his first day of an internship in the center of Tunis, a man pulled out a razor blade and tried to slash him, yelling racist slurs and telling him to go back to “his” country. The student tried to defend himself but still ended up with cuts on his neck and chest.
He went to a police station with the dean of his school – who acted as an interpreter – to report the attack. The officers asked him what happened, handed him a transcript in Arabic with no relevant information on it and told him to go to the hospital, he said. Between February 21 and March 1, he had only left his dorm once to buy groceries because he felt he was in danger.
On February 27, a 17-year-old Cameroonian who is a UNHCR-registered asylum seeker, was evicted from his apartment in Ariana, north of the capital, even though he had paid his rent the day before. The same night, a group of men, apparently Tunisians, assaulted him and his roommates in the street with a knife and sticks, threw rocks at them, and robbed him. They were chanting, “Kill the Blacks” in French, which he understood, he said. He said the assailants stole his phone and cash.
He displayed an open wound on his Achilles tendon, bruises on his thigh, and slashes on the right sleeve and the back of his jacket, which he said were made by an assailant’s knife. Police watched the assault and did not intervene, he said. When he spoke to Human Rights Watch, he had been sleeping on a piece of cardboard in front of the Tunis office of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) since his eviction. He said that he fled the war in his country after all the members of his family were killed.
A woman from Ivory Coast who has 5-month-old twins has been in Tunisia since 2017 and holds a valid residency card. Early in February, she opened a beauty salon in the Sidi Amor neighborhood, north of the capital. She said that the proprietor, who had leased her the salon, later reneged on their agreement, claiming the police had said “Blacks cannot own a business.” The next morning, on February 24, she found the proprietor with six other men on the site destroying equipment and furniture with an axe.
On February 25, her landlord evicted her from her apartment in Raoued, telling her to “go back home.” She and her children have since been relying on friends for shelter, remaining indoors as much as possible due to fear. She also described discrimination in grocery stores, where she said merchants have arbitrarily raised the prices of basic commodities, such as rice, when she arrived at the checkout.
Experts and journalists have documented many other attacks and abuses in recent weeks. The attacks have been fueled by the significant rise in anti-Black rhetoric and hate speech on online platforms in recent months, partly driven by the Tunisian National Party (PNT), which has been calling for the deportation of all undocumented Sub-Saharan migrants. Online hate peaked between February 20 and 26, according to a report released on February 28 by the fact-checking platform Falso.
In 2018, Tunisia passed law 50 on the “elimination of all forms of racial discrimination,” pioneering legislation in the Middle East and North Africa region that criminalizes racial discrimination and provides prison sentences from a month to a year for racist comments or acts, and from one year to three for incitement to hatred or the dissemination of ideas based on racial discrimination or racial superiority by any means.
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, to which Tunisia is a state party, obligates countries to “condemn racial discrimination” and undertake measures aimed at “eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms and promoting understanding among all races.” It says that countries need to “prohibit and bring to an end, by all appropriate means … racial discrimination by any persons, group, or organization” and “discourage anything which tends to strengthen racial division.”
EINDE STATEMENT HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
TUNISIA: CRISIS AS BLACK AFRICANS EXPELLED
TO LIBYA BORDER
Allow Aid Access; Take People to Safety
6 JULY 2023
(Tunis) – Tunisian security forces have collectively expelled several hundred Black African migrants and asylum seekers, including children and pregnant women, since July 2, 2023 to a remote, militarized buffer zone at the Tunisia–Libya border, Human Rights Watch said today. The group includes people with both regular and irregular legal status in Tunisia, expelled without due process. Many reported violence by authorities during arrest or expulsion.
“The Tunisian government should halt collective expulsions and urgently enable humanitarian access to the African migrants and asylum seekers already expelled to a dangerous area at the Tunisia-Libya border, with little food and no medical assistance,” said Lauren Seibert, refugee and migrant rights researcher at Human Rights Watch. “Not only is it unconscionable to abuse people and abandon them in the desert, but collective expulsions violate international law.”
Between July 2 and 6, Human Rights Watch interviewed five people by phone who had been expelled, including an Ivorian asylum seeker and four migrants: two Ivorian men, a Cameroonian man, and a 16-year-old Cameroonian girl. Interviewees’ names are not used for their protection. They could not give an exact number, but estimated that Tunisian authorities had expelled between 500 and 700 people since July 2 to the border area, around 35 kilometers east of the town Ben Guerdane. They arrived in at least four different groups, ranging in size.
The people expelled were of many African nationalities – Ivorian, Cameroonian, Malian, Guinean, Chadian, Sudanese, Senegalese, and others – and included at least 29 children and three pregnant women, interviewees said. At least six expelled people were asylum seekers registered with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), while at least two adults had consular cards identifying them as students in Tunisia.
People interviewed said they had been arrested in raids by police, national guard, or military in and near Sfax, a port city southeast of the capital, Tunis. National guard and military forces rapidly transported them 300 kilometers to Ben Guerdane, then to the Libya border, where they were effectively trapped in what they described as a buffer zone from which they could neither enter Libya nor return to Tunisia.
Tensions have been high in Sfax for months as Tunisian residents campaigned for African foreigners to leave, escalating to recent attacks against Black Africans and clashes with Tunisians. A man from Benin was killed in May and a Tunisian man on July 3. Videos circulating on social media in early July depicted groups of Tunisian men threatening Black Africans with batons and knives, and in other videos, security officers shoving Black Africans into vans while people cheered.
People interviewed said that Tunisian security forces had smashed nearly everyone’s phones prior to expulsion. They communicated with Human Rights Watch primarily through a phone that one man had managed to hide. They provided their GPS location on July 2 and July 4, as well as videos and photos of smashed phones; expelled people and their injuries, reportedly from security force beatings; and passports, consular cards, and asylum seeker cards.
Those interviewed alleged that several people died or were killed at the border area between July 2 and 5 – including, they said, some shot and others beaten by Tunisian military or national guard. They also said that Libyan men carrying machetes or other weapons had robbed some people and raped several women, either in the buffer zone or after they managed to cross into Libya to look for food. No nongovernmental groups had access to the area, so Human Rights Watch could not independently confirm these accounts.
One video the migrants sent to Human Rights Watch showed a woman describing sexual assault apparently by Tunisian security forces. In another video, a woman says she had a miscarriage after the expulsion.
“We are at the Tunisia-Libya border, at the seaside,” said an Ivorian asylum seeker on July 4. “We were beaten [by Tunisian security forces].…We have many injured people here.…We have children who haven’t eaten for days … forced to drink sea water. We have a [Guinean] pregnant woman who went into labor … she died this morning … the baby died too.”
At the start of the expulsions, a group of 20 was dropped at the border the morning of July 2. Human Rights Watch interviewed two people in the group: a 29-year-old Ivorian man, and a 16-year-old Cameroonian girl.
The Ivorian man said that on July 1, police, national guard, and military personnel raided the house where they were staying – arresting 48 people – in Jbeniana, 35 kilometers north of Sfax. He said the detained people had entered Tunisia at various times, some regularly and some irregularly, but none he knew had passed through Libya. Tunisian authorities took the 48 people to a police station, examined their documents, and recorded their information. Security forces divided them into two groups, and drove the man’s group to Ben Guerdane, he said.
The man said they made stops at three bases in Ben Guerdane, and military or national guard officers “beat us like animals … punching, kicking, slapping, hitting us with batons,” and sexually harassed and assaulted the women, including groping them. “They started to touch me everywhere,” said the Cameroonian girl in the same group. “They slammed my head against their vehicle.”
The security forces threw away their food, smashed their phones, and left them at the border, the Ivorian man said. Two armed men in uniform from Libya later approached them and ordered them to return to Tunisia, he said, while on the other side, Tunisian military beat several men who sought to cross back to Tunisia.
Two men in a second expelled group, Cameroonian and Ivorian, said they and others had been arrested during raids on their houses in Sfax, on July 3 between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m., by police, national guard, and military. They said that authorities did not ask for anyone’s documents or record their personal information, though some were in Tunisia legally; instead, they drove them swiftly overnight to Ben Guerdane.
“We are from different countries of origin … and they brought us 300 kilometers from Sfax [to expel us] … instead of bringing us to Tunis, to our embassies,” the Ivorian asylum seeker said. “It’s inhuman.”
On July 5 and 6, authorities expelled a third and fourth group, each an estimated 200-300 people, from Sfax. Videos interviewees shared showed many injured people among the arrivals, with open wounds, bandaged limbs, and one with an apparently broken leg.
As of July 5, no humanitarian aid from the Tunisian side had reached the group, though the Ivorian man from the first expelled group said some uniformed Libyan men arrived that evening to provide some water and cookies for the children. But then on July 6, “The [same] Libyans … started to shoot in the air, burn things, chase us.… The Libyans told us to leave the territory and go toward the Tunisian side. They started to take out their guns to threaten us.”
On July 6, Human Rights Watch contacted representatives of the Tunisian Interior, Defense and Foreign Affairs ministries by phone, but was unable to obtain information.
President Kais Saied, in an inflammatory February speech that triggered a surge of racist attacks against Black Africans, had linked undocumented African migrants to crime and a “plot” to alter Tunisia’s demographic makeup. In a July 4 statement, Saied referenced “the criminal operation that occurred yesterday” in Sfax, referring to the Tunisian man’s killing, and said, “Tunisia is a country that only accepts people residing on its territory in accordance with its laws, and does not accept to be a transit or settlement zone for people arriving from numerous African countries.”
Tunisia is party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, which prohibits collective expulsions, as well as the UN and African Refugee Conventions, the Convention Against Torture, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which prohibit refoulement – forced returns or expulsions to countries where people could face torture, threats to their lives or freedom, or other serious harm. All countries should suspend expulsions or forced returns to Libya, given the serious harm people may face there. Governments should also not expel asylum seekers whose refugee claims have not been fully examined.
The Tunisian government should respect international law and conduct individual legal status assessments in accordance with due process before deporting anyone, Human Rights Watch said. The government should also investigate and hold to account security forces implicated in abuses.
Diplomatic delegations of African countries should seek to locate and evacuate any of their nationals expelled to the Tunisia-Libya border who wish to voluntarily return to their countries of origin, while the African Union Commission should condemn the abusive expulsions and press Tunisia to provide immediate assistance to affected Africans.
“African migrants and asylum seekers, including children, are desperate to get out of the dangerous border zone and find food, medical care, and safety,” Seibert said. “There is no time to waste.”
EINDE HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH BERICHT
ANP
