Categorie archief: Divers

NOOT 8/DUBBEL

[8]
””We lopen hier met 80 000 mensen door Den Haag.
Echt een onwijs kippenvel moment, dat zoveel Nederlanders vandaag een
rode lijn trekken tegen het geweld in Gaza en het kabinet oproepen
om zich eindelijk uit te spreken tegen de brute misdaden die Netanyahu
begaat tegen het Palestijnse volk.
Laten we duidelijk zijn.
In Nederland trekken we een rode lijn tegen dit soort groot humanitair onrecht.”
ZIE NOOT 15
NOOT 15 IS DE NOOT BEHORENDE BIJ DIT ARTIKEL

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NOOT 7/DUBBEL

[7]
”Minister-president Jetten zegt tegen de NOS dat hij de actie “schandalig” en “onbegrijpelijk” vindt.”
NOS

Politici veroordelen bekladding Nationaal Monument op de Dam

ZIE VOOR GEHELE TEKST, NOOT 3

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NOOT 6/DUBBEL

6]
‘Dit om de hypocrisie van de herdenkingsdag op 4 mei aan de kaak te stellen, waar de slachtoffers van de Holocaust en de Tweede Wereldoorlog worden herdacht, maar de stilte over de voortdurende genocide oorverdovend is. Later vandaag zullen de koning en de premier bloemen leggen bij het monument, terwijl het bloed van Palestijnen, Libanezen en Iraniërs aan hun handen kleeft.’
HET PAROOL

Nationaal Monument op de Dam weer schoon na bekladding, politie zoekt drie verdachten

ZIE VOOR GEHELE TEKST NOOT 1A
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH

Middle East Conflict: Rhetoric, Actions Flout Laws of War

World Leaders Should Unite to Defend Fundamental Protections for Civilians

26 MARCH 2026

https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/03/26/middle-east-conflict-rhetoric-actions-flout-laws-of-war

(New York, March 26, 2026) – The geographic spread, speed of escalation, and open disregard for international norms by all parties one month into the Middle East conflict are a critical stress test for the international legal order created to protect civilians during armed conflict, Human Rights Watch said today.

Statements by top officials from the United StatesIsrael, and Iran demonstrate a willingness to violate fundamental protections of international humanitarian law, reveal callous disregard for civilian life and property, and signal that those in power do not consider themselves bound by the law. All world leaders should urgently speak out in defense of the rules that protect civilians everywhere, strongly condemn violations, and demand accountability.

“As the Middle East conflict has spread and intensified, so too has the dangerous rhetoric by leaders on all sides, including open threats to commit war crimes,” said Philippe Bolopion, executive director of Human Rights Watch. “This explosive combination, building on world leaders’ longstanding failure to hold those responsible for serious violations of international law to account, is threatening the rules-based order that has long sought to protect civilians.”

Since the United States and Israel began their assault on Iran on February 28, 2026, and as Iran responded and Israel escalated attacks in Lebanon, all parties to the conflict have been responsible for serious violations of the laws of war, including possible war crimes. Officials’ inflammatory public statements have included open threats to kill civilians and destroy critical civilian infrastructure, suggestions that abuses by one side justify abuses by the other, and dismissal of international law and rules of engagement.

US President Donald Trump and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth have in the past month alone made numerous public statements showing disregard for international humanitarian law, also called the laws of war.

Hegseth stated on March 13 that “no quarter” would be given to “our enemies” in Iran. Declaring no quarter––the refusal to spare enemy combatants’ lives by accepting their surrender––is a war crime.

On March 21, President Trump warned in a social media post that, if Iran didn’t “FULLY OPEN, WITHOUT THREAT, the Strait of Hormuz, within 48 HOURS,” the United States “will hit and obliterate their various POWER PLANTS, STARTING WITH THE BIGGEST ONE FIRST!” Trump later postponed but did not revoke his threat.

The laws of war protect from attack civilian infrastructure and objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population––which could include power plants, oil and gas facilities, and water desalination plants––and attacks on these facilities could amount to war crimes. Even if such infrastructure is used in part for military purposes, an attack would likely be disproportionate and thus unlawful.

Iran’s reply to Trump’s statement indicated a willingness to commit a similar violation. Iran’s Khatam al-Anbiya military command headquarters spokesman, Ebrahim Zolfaqari, responded to Trump’s post by stating that if Iran’s fuel and energy infrastructure were attacked, “then all electricity power plants, energy infrastructure, and information technology systems of the Zionist regime in the region will be struck on a wide scale… all similar infrastructure which have American shareholders will be fully destroyed… [and] all electricity power plants in countries in the region that host American bases will be legitimate targets.”

Iranian officials have also claimed that all of a country’s companies, banks, and commercial ships are military objectives, which violates the presumption under the laws of war that they are protected civilian objects.

Iranian authorities have also threatened to commit further human rights violations against their own population, as they have done repeatedly, including in January, when security forces carried out countrywide massacres of protesters and bystanders.

Ahmad-Reza Radan, the commander of the Iranian police force, told state television in a program aired on March 10 that if people take to the streets “at the will of the enemy,” then “we will not see them as a protester or something else; we will see them as the enemy and do with them what we do with the enemy. … All of our guys are ready with their fingers on the triggers to safeguard their revolution, to back their people and country.” The next day, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps’ Intelligence Organization issued a statement warning that any protests would be faced “with [even] a harsher blow than that of January 8.”

Senior Israeli officials and military leaders have also made numerous problematic statements, including threats to carry out unlawful attacks in Iran and Lebanon. The Israeli military’s Arabic spokesperson issued a statement on X on March 3 calling for representatives of the Iranian government to leave Lebanon before they would be targeted.

Attacks targeting political leaders or government officials are prohibited unless the leader is a member of the armed forces or a civilian directly participating in hostilities. Deliberately attacking a civilian violates the laws of war, and constitutes a war crime.

Statements about Lebanon by Israeli officials also indicate an intent to forcibly displace residents, destroy civilian homes, and conduct strikes that could target civilians, all violations of the laws of war.

During armed conflict, such warnings, threats to commit serious crimes, and other dangerous rhetoric have been followed by military action that violates the laws of war and has had grave consequences for civilians across the region.

Serious violations of the laws of war during the first month of conflict include:
  • US attack on a primary school in Minab in southern Iran that killed scores of civilians, including many children;
  • Israel’s use of white phosphorus over homes and targeting of financial institutions in Lebanon;
  • Iranian attacks on hotels, residential buildings, financial centers, and airports in the Gulf;
  • Iranian attacks on commercial ships in the Strait of Hormuz;
  • Israeli and Iranian attacks on oil and gas infrastructure; and
  • Iran’s use of internationally banned cluster munitions in attacks on Israel.

The attacks, as well as the threat of attacks, on commercial ships in the Strait of Hormuz and on oil and natural gas facilities in Iran and the Gulf states also appear to have contributed to significant global cost increases in energy and may also result in cost increases in food, fertilizer essential for agriculture, and transportation worldwide, as well as significant environmental damage.

This could cause economic catastrophe and food insecurity to civilians in Iran and across the Gulf and economically marginalized people across the globe. The World Food Programme estimates that almost 45 million more people could fall into acute food insecurity or worse should the conflict continue through the middle of the year and if oil prices remain above US$100 per barrel.

The toll of the conflict on civilians so far, and the extent of violations and potential war crimes, remains unknown, in part due to censorship by involved governments. In Iran, the government has imposed an unlawful blanket internet shutdown and arrested hundreds of people for alleged contact with media outlets outside Iran, taking footage of strike sites, and sending such footage to the media.

In the United States, Trump and Hegseth have attacked the media for its Iran coverage, and Federal Communications Commission Chair Brendan Carr accused media outlets of publishing “fake news” and threatened their broadcasting licenses.

Israeli officials have banned live broadcasts of city skylines, prohibited the reporting of precise locations of missile or rocket impacts, and detained journalists deemed to have violated these restrictions.

Countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council, including in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates, have also detained people for allegedly posting images and footage of attacks on social media.

In Lebanon, the Iranian-backed armed group Hezbollah has banned all filming “under any circumstances” in the southern suburbs of Beirut.

In the face of this disregard for international humanitarian law and the potential far-reaching consequences of this conflict for civilians across the globe, world leaders––including allies of the United States, Israel, and Iran––should speak out for the need to respect international human rights and humanitarian law, strongly condemn violations, insist on accountability, and ensure that they are not complicit in serious violations by the warring parties.

Common Article 1 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions provides that states “undertake to respect and to ensure respect” for the conventions “in all circumstances.” This obligation binds the parties to the conflict in the Middle East to respect the conventions and ensure their respect by their armed forces at all times, regardless of the conduct of other parties.

The International Committee of the Red Cross’ authoritative commentary on the Geneva Conventions states that to “ensure respect” requires all states parties to the conventions “take proactive steps” to stop violations of the conventions and to “bring an erring Party to a conflict back to an attitude of respect for the Conventions, in particular by using their influence on that Party.” It includes the obligation “to prevent violations when there is a foreseeable risk that they will be committed.” Customary international humanitarian law also provides that states must exert their influence, to the degree possible, to stop violations of international humanitarian law.

The current Middle East conflict is occurring in the context of ongoing war crimescrimes against humanity and acts of genocide in Gaza––committed by Israel with significant support from the United States since October 7, 2023––and Iran’s crimes against humanity against its own population. Impunity for these crimes and states failing to consistently apply international humanitarian law elsewhere, including in Sudan and Ukraine, have contributed to the dangerous disregard of the rules designed to protect civilians in war occurring today.

“The words of leaders are especially consequential during wartime,” Bolopion said. “Rhetoric that mocks or dismisses the laws of war is dangerously corrosive and can be seen to encourage grave violations that inevitably prove harmful to civilians. It’s increasingly clear that other governments urgently need to weigh in and press for greater protection of civilians.”

Additional concerning statements by US officials, some of which threaten to violate international humanitarian law, include:
  • On March 2, Hegseth said that the United States was fighting the war in Iran with “No stupid rules of engagement,” reflecting comments he made throughout 2025 about “overbearing” and “burdensome” rules of engagement and “tepid legality,” and in 2024 that the United States “should fight by its own rules” and not “by rules written by dignified men… eighty years ago.”
  • On March 9, Trump said the US Navy sank Iran’s warship off the coast of Sri Lanka because “it’s more fun” to sink ships than capture them.
  • Also on March 9, Trump said that the United States could strike to “make it virtually impossible for Iran to ever be built back, as a Nation, again — Death, Fire, and Fury will reign [sic] upon them.”
  • On March 13, Trump stated that the United States had “demolished” Kharg Island, a small island critical for Iran’s oil export infrastructure, but may strike “a few more times just for fun.”
  • Also on March 13, Trump said that while the United States had “so far… chosen not to,” it could strike “power plants that create the electricity, that create[KA1] the water. … We could do things that would be so bad they could literally never rebuild as a nation again.”
Additional concerning statements by Iranian officials, some of which threaten to violate international humanitarian law, include:
  • A spokesman from Iran’s Khatam al-Anbiya Central Headquarters said on March 8 that “every point that serves as the origin of aggression against Iran is a legitimate target.”
  • On March 14, a media outlet affiliated with Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) stated that American “companies will be the legitimate targets for Iran’s Armed Forces,” listing a number of US management consulting and investment firms.
  • Also on March 14, an IRGC spokesperson posted: “The attack on American bank branches was in response to the enemy’s attack on 2 Iranian banks. If the enemy repeats this action, all branches of American banks in the region will be our legitimate target.”
  • On March 16, Brig. Gen. Ali Mohammad Naini, an IRGC spokesman who was reportedly killed in an Israeli attack on March 20, stated that Iranian forces had targeted all vessels owned by a US or Israeli entity, regardless of their flag country.
Additional concerning statements by Israeli officials, some of which threaten to violate international humanitarian law, include:
  • Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz said on March 16 that “hundreds of thousands of Shiite residents of southern Lebanon … will not return to their homes south of the Litani [River] area until the safety of Israel’s northern residents is guaranteed.”
  • In a video clip posted on Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s X account on March 17, Netanyahu and US Ambassador to Israel Mike Huckabee joke about a “punch card” listing individuals the Israelis are targeting in Iran. Netanyahu says: “We’re wiping them out,” and Huckabee says: “I love it.”
  • On March 22, Katz threatened to “hit Iran so hard it will be sent back decades” and to implement house demolition policies across Lebanon’s southern border villages like those seen in Gaza.
  • The Israeli military’s Arabic spokesperson repeatedly posted orders on X to people in Lebanon, saying that they “will not hesitate to target anyone who is near Hezbollah members, facilities or means of combat” in the southern suburbs of Beirut.
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH
23 MARCH 2026

Israeli Officials Signal Stepped-Up Atrocities in Lebanon

Risk of Forcible Displacement, Wanton Destruction, Threat of Strikes on Civilians

https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/03/23/israeli-officials-signal-stepped-up-atrocities-in-lebanon

(Beirut) – Israeli forces have expanded ground operations in southern Lebanon after indicating an intent to forcibly displace residents, destroy civilian homes and conduct strikes that could target civilians, Human Rights Watch said today. Forcible displacement, wanton destruction and attacks deliberately targeting civilians are war crimes. Countries that continue to provide Israel with arms and military aid risk complicity in the Israeli government’s serious violations in Lebanon.

On March 22, Israel’s defense Minister, Israel Katz, issued a statement announcing that he and Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu have “ordered the acceleration of the demolition of Lebanese houses in the border villages in order to thwart threats to Israeli communities – in accordance with the Beit Hanoun and Rafah models in Gaza.” On March 16, 2026, Katz said that “hundreds of thousands of Shiite residents of southern Lebanon […] will not return to their homes south of the Litani area until the safety of Israel’s northern residents is guaranteed.” Displacement orders issued by the Israeli military to residents of the southern suburbs of Beirut between March 11 and 15 further stated that the Israeli military “will not hesitate to target anyone who is present near Hezbollah members, facilities, or means of combat.”

“For over two years, Israel’s allies and European states that purport to support and uphold human rights have buried their heads in the sand as atrocities continue in Lebanon, as in Gaza,” said Ramzi Kaiss, Lebanon researcher at Human Rights Watch. “Atrocities flourish when there is impunity, and other countries should no longer stand by as they continue.”

Since the recent escalation of hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah on March 2, Israeli attacks have killed at least 1,029 people in Lebanon, including 118 children and 40 medical workers, as of March 22 according to Lebanon’s Ministry of Public Health. In recent days, Hezbollah has fired an average of about 150 rockets per day, according to the Israeli military. Hezbollah attacks have injured at least 15 people in Israel, according to Israeli mediareports.

On March 4 and 5, the Israeli military issued displacement orders for the entire population of Lebanon south of the Litani River and all residents of Beirut’s southern suburbs, which include hundreds of thousands of people. Since March 12, the Israeli military has expanded the areas subject to displacement orders, ordering residents of southern Lebanon to evacuate north of the Zahrani River, 15 kilometers north of the Litani River, and 40 kilometers north of Lebanon’s southern border with Israel. Over a million people have been displaced in Lebanon thus far.

The Israeli defense minister’s statement, indicating that Shiite residents of southern Lebanon will be prevented from returning to their homes until an undetermined safety standard for Israel’s northern residents is guaranteed, signals that Israel will prevent residents from returning to their homes for an indefinite period. The sweeping nature of the displacement orders, and the statements that do not address the protection of the displaced civilians, raises concerns of the war crime of forced displacement, Human Rights Watch said.

Singling out Shiite residents further indicates that Israel is imposing such measures based on their religion, a human rights violation, and further indicates that the residents’ security is not the aim of the displacement.

Ordering the Israeli military to accelerate the destruction of Lebanese homes raises serious risk of the war crime of wanton destruction and violations of the prohibition under international law against deliberately destroying civilian property except when necessary for lawful military reasons. The mere possibility of future military use by armed groups of some civilian structures cannot under the laws of war justify the wide-scale destruction of whole homes across Lebanon’s border.

Between March 11 and 15, the Israeli military’s Arabic spokesperson issued at least five nearly identical displacement orders for residents of seven neighborhoods in Beirut’s southern suburbs, after first issuing a sweeping displacement order for entire southern suburbs of Beirut on March 5. The statement ordered residents to “evacuate the area immediately” and called on them to “not return to those neighborhoods until further notice.”

The orders further stated that the Israeli military “will not hesitate to target anyone who is present near Hezbollah members, facilities, or means of combat.” This differs from previous orders issued to residents of Beirut’s southern suburbs, which stated, for example, that “Anyone who is near Hezbollah members, facilities or means of combat is putting their lives at risk.”

On March 5, minister in the defense ministry, Bezalel Smotrich, who sits on the security cabinet and also serves as Israel’s finance minister, recorded a video statement standing at the Israel-Lebanon border, stating that “very soon, Dahieh [Beirut’s southern suburb] will look like Khan Younis,” in Gaza. Human Rights Watch has previously documented war crimescrimes against humanity, and acts of genocide by the Israeli military in Gaza.

These statements, combined with Israeli forces’ previous conduct of war in Lebanon, raise serious concern that the Israeli military may target civilians, based solely on their presence in or proximity to areas where Hezbollah is present.

Since October 7, 2023, Israeli forces have committed numerous violations of the laws of war and apparent war crimes in Lebanon with total impunity, including apparently deliberate or indiscriminate attacks on journalistsciviliansmedicsfinancial institutionsreconstruction-related facilities, and peacekeepers. They have also unlawfully used white phosphorus in populated areas, among other violations. Human Rights Watch has documented several unlawful attacks in Lebanon using US-made weapons.

Civilians who chose to stay in areas subject to displacement orders in southern Lebanon are particularly at risk of being cut-off from food and medicine supplies and other aid, Human Rights Watch said.

In a statement published on March 18, the Israeli Military Arabic spokesperson said that bridges crossing over the Litani River into southern Lebanon would be struck “to prevent the movement of reinforcements and means of combat” into southern Lebanon. Between March 13 and 22, the Israeli military said that it struck at least four Litani River bridges.

Hezbollah should take all feasible precautions to protect civilians in its operations in Lebanon and Israel.

Civilians who do not evacuate following orders are still fully protected by international humanitarian law. Forced displacement is prohibited under the laws of war, except in cases in which civilian security is involved or for imperative military reasons.

A person who commits serious violations of the laws of war with criminal intent—that is, intentionally or recklessly—may be prosecuted for war crimes. Individuals may also be held criminally liable for assisting in, facilitating, aiding, or abetting a war crime.

Lebanon’s judicial authorities should initiate domestic investigations of serious international crimes, and the government should accede to the International Criminal Court’s Rome Statute and submit a declaration accepting the court’s jurisdiction prior to the date of accession, including since at least October 7, 2023.

Israel’s key allies, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, should suspend military assistance and arms sales to Israel and impose targeted sanctions on officials credibly responsible for ongoing serious abuses. They should levy further pressure on Israel to ensure that displaced residents can return to their homes once hostilities end or once the reasons for their displacement cease to exist.

“The Israeli military does not get to decide when civilians lose protections afforded by international law nor should it be allowed to prevent displaced residents from returning to their homes based on some undefined ‘safety’ standard,” Kaiss said. “Deliberately targeting civilians, civilian objects, and others protected under international law would be a war crime, and countries supplying Israel with weapons need to realize they are risking complicity in war crimes too.”

Correction

The date by which 1,029 people had been killed in Lebanon according to Lebanon’s Public Health Ministry has been corrected in this version, to March 22.

END

HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH

Lebanon: Israel Unlawfully Using White Phosphorus

Human Rights Watch Verifies Use of Incendiary Weapon over Residential Areas in Southern Lebanon

9 MARCH 2026

https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/03/09/lebanon-israel-unlawfully-using-white-phosphorus

Update, March 9, 2026: Since the press release was published, the reported death toll from Israeli attacks has risen to 394, as of March 8.

(Beirut) – The Israeli military unlawfully used artillery-fired white phosphorus munitions over homes on March 3, 2026, in the southern Lebanese town of Yohmor, Human Rights Watch said today.

Human Rights Watch verified and geolocated eight images showing airburst white phosphorus munitions being deployed over a residential part of the town and civil defense workers responding to fires in at least two homes and one car in that area.

“The Israeli military’s unlawful use of white phosphorus over residential areas is extremely alarming and will have dire consequences for civilians,” said Ramzi Kaiss, Lebanon researcher at Human Rights Watch. “The incendiary effects of white phosphorous can cause death or cruel injuries that result in lifelong suffering.”

White phosphorus is a chemical substance dispersed in artillery shells, bombs, and rockets that ignites when exposed to oxygen. It can set homes, agricultural areas, and other civilian objects on fire. Under international humanitarian law, the use of airburst white phosphorus is unlawfully indiscriminate in populated areas and does not meet the legal requirement to take all feasible precautions to avoid civilian harm.

Human Rights Watch verified and geolocated an image posted on social media the morning of March 3, showing at least two artillery-delivered white phosphorus munitions being airburst over a residential neighborhood in the town of Yohmor in southern Lebanon. Human Rights Watch identified the shape of the smoke cloud caused by the airbursts in the picture as entirely consistent with the “knuckle” made by the expelling and bursting charges of the M825-series 155mm artillery projectile that contains white phosphorous.

Earlier that day, at 5:27 a.m, Avichay Adraee, Israel’s Arabic military spokesperson, issued an order stating that residents of Yohmor and 50 other villages and towns “should immediately evacuate [their homes] and move away from the villages to a distance of at least 1,000 meters outside the village to open land.” Adraee repeated the statement at 12:12 p.m. that day. Human Rights Watch has not verified whether people were in the area or injured as a result of white phosphorus use.

Human Rights Watch has previously documented the Israeli military’s widespread use of white phosphorus between October 2023 and May 2024 across border villages in southern Lebanon, which put civilians at grave risk and contributed to civilian displacement.

White phosphorus can be used for multiple purposes, including to obscure, mark, signal, or directly attack military personnel and materiel. Concerns over its use in populated areas are amplified by the technique shown in videos of air-bursting white phosphorus projectiles, which spread 116 burning felt wedges impregnated with the substance over an area between 125 and 250 meters in diameter, depending on the altitude and angle of the burst, indiscriminately exposing more civilians and civilian structures to potential harm than a localized ground burst.

Human Rights Watch also verified and geolocated photographs posted to Facebook at 11:34 a.m. and 1:36 p.m. by the Civil Defense Team of the Islamic Health Committee in Yohmor, which is affiliated with the Lebanese armed group Hezbollah. The photographs show workers extinguishing fires on residential rooftops and in a car and smoke emerging from the balconies of a home, which the Civil Defense Team attributed to white phosphorous. The geolocated sites were inside a radius of less than 160 meters.

Human Rights Watch analysis indicates the fire was likely caused by felt wedges impregnated with white phosphorus given the proximity of the house and the car to the area where airburst munitions were observed, indicating that the munitions were used unlawfully over concentrations of civilians.

Since the recent escalation of hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah on March 2, at least 217 people have been killed in Lebanon as of March 6, according to the health ministry, and hundreds of thousands have been displaced.

The Israeli military has issued displacement orders for the entire population of Lebanon south of the Litani River and all residents of Beirut’s southern suburbs, which include hundreds of thousands of people. The sweeping nature of the Israeli military’s displacement orders raises concerns that their primary purpose is not to protect civilians but to instead spread terror and panic, especially in the context of recent large-scale displacement of civilians in Lebanon, raising serious risks of the war crime of forced displacement, Human Rights Watch said.

Israel should prohibit all use of airburst artillery-delivered white phosphorus munitions in populated areas because it puts civilians at risk of indiscriminate attacks. There are available alternatives to white phosphorus in smoke shells, including some produced by Israeli companies such as the M150 smoke projectile, which the Israeli army has used in the past as an obscurant, a means of hindering the visibility of its forces. These alternatives can have the same effect and dramatically reduce the harm to civilians.

Human Rights Watch has urged Israel’s key allies, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, to suspend military assistance and arms sales to Israel and impose targeted sanctions on officials credibly implicated in grave crimes. Lebanon’s judicial authorities should initiate domestic investigations of serious international crimes, and the government should accede to the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) Rome Statute and submit a declaration accepting the court’s jurisdiction prior to the date of accession, including since at least October 7, 2023.

Israel’s widespread use of white phosphorus in southern Lebanon highlights the need for stronger international law on incendiary weapons, Human Rights Watch said. Protocol III of the Convention on Conventional Weapons is the only legally binding instrument dedicated specifically to incendiary weapons. Lebanon is party to Protocol III, while Israel is not.

Protocol III applies to weapons that are “primarily designed” to set fires or cause burns, and thus excludes certain multipurpose munitions with incendiary effects, notably those containing white phosphorus. In addition, it has weaker regulations for the use in “concentrations of civilians” of ground-launched incendiary weapons—like the ones used in Lebanon—than airdropped incendiary weapons, even though they produce the same horrific injuries.

“Concentrations of civilians” is defined broadly to encompass populated areas ranging from villages to refugee camps to cities. Human Rights Watch and many countries have long called for closing these loopholes in Protocol III and creating international norms that better protect civilians from the harm caused by incendiary weapons.

“Israel should immediately halt this practice and states providing Israel with weapons, including white phosphorus munitions, should immediately suspend military assistance and arms sales and push Israel to stop firing such munitions in residential areas,” Kaiss said.

Correction

March 9, 2026: This version of the news release was updated to accurately reflect the number of images verified and geolocated by Human Rights Watch.

END

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NOOT 5/DUBBEL

[5]
THE RIGHTS FORUM

Nieuw rapport Francesca Albanese: martelen Palestijnen is onderdeel van genocide

25 MAART 2026
Israël maakt zich op grote schaal schuldig aan marteling in Palestina, schrijft Francesca Albanese, speciaal VN-rapporteur voor de bezette Palestijnse Gebieden, in haar nieuwste rapport. Marteling, zowel in gevangenissen als daarbuiten, gebeurt zo systematisch dat het op zichzelf een genocidale daad is, concludeert ze.
Het rapport met de titel ‘Marteling en genocide’ werd vrijdag 20 maart gepresenteerd. Martelen is altijd al onderdeel geweest van Israëls behandeling van het Palestijnse volk, stelt Albanese, maar sinds oktober 2023 wordt het ingezet op een schaal die wijst op ‘collectieve wraak’ en ‘de opzet om te vernietigen’. Palestijnen die in hechtenis zitten, worden onderworpen aan ‘buitengewoon meedogenloos fysiek en psychologisch misbruik’. Maar ook buiten de gevangenissen en martelcentra is marteling aan de orde van de dag, schrijft Albanese:
Door de zich opstapelende impact van massale ontheemding, belegering, het onthouden van hulp en voedsel, ongebreideld militair en kolonistengeweld en alomtegenwoordige surveillance en terreur, is het bezette Palestijnse gebied nu een ruimte van collectieve bestraffing. Genocidaal geweld is een instrument van collectieve marteling geworden, met langdurige mentale en fysieke gevolgen voor de bezette bevolking.

Albanese heeft voor haar onderzoek driehonderd getuigenissen verzameld via verschillende Israëlische en Palestijnse organisaties, ze heeft (op afstand, want Israël laat haar niet toe) met juristen en overlevenden van marteling gepraat, verklaringen van Israëlische klokkenluiders meegenomen en allerlei openbare bronnen geraadpleegd. Het rapport barst, kortom, van de bewijzen.

Vernederend en wreed

Het beeld dat oprijst is huiveringwekkend. Gevangenen worden langdurig vastgebonden, geblinddoekt en in onmogelijke posities gedwongen. Ze worden uitgehongerd, bewakers urineren op gevangenen of dienen ze elektrische schokken toe, er wordt geslagen en geschopt, gevangenen worden uren of dagenlang blootgesteld aan keiharde muziek, aangevallen door honden of gedwongen zich als dieren te gedragen. Seksueel geweld is wijdverbreid. Onderscheid tussen mannen, vrouwen en kinderen wordt niet gemaakt: alle gevangenen lijden hieronder. Advocaten die in 2024 cliënten in gevangenissen bezochten, verklaarden dat ze er ‘wandelende skeletten’ hadden gezien – de gelinkte reportage wordt ook aangehaald in het rapport.

Zelfs vrijlatingen uit gevangenschap gaan met marteling en vernedering gepaard. Gevangenen worden plotseling vrijgelaten, niet zelden ’s nachts en zomaar ergens op straat, soms met niet meer kleding dan een onderbroek of zelfs een luier. ‘Dit is des te wreder’, schrijft Albanese, ‘wanneer gedetineerden ledematen, hun gezichtsvermogen, spraakvermogen of geestelijke vermogens hebben verloren.’

Dat het geweld zo uit de hand loopt, is een vooropgezet plan. De Israëlische minister Itamar Ben-Gvir van Nationale Veiligheid begon – in zijn woorden – een ‘gevangenisrevolutie’, waarbij Palestijnse gevangenen ‘het minste van het minste’ zouden krijgen. Hij riep het verslechteren van de omstandigheden in de detentiecentra uit tot ‘het hoogste doel’. Sinds oktober 2023 zijn in feite alle gevangenen ofwel terroristen, ofwel een veiligheidsrisico. Verzet in de Israëlische samenleving is er niet of nauwelijks – integendeel: het vernietigen van het Palestijnse volk is al decennia bezig en zo genormaliseerd dat het vaak zelfs wordt gevierd, laat het rapport zien.

Onomkeerbare gevolgen

Het schrikbewind maakt, stelt Albanese, niet alleen het slachtoffer kapot – als dat de martelingen al overleeft. Het heeft ook onomkeerbare gevolgen voor de familie van het slachtoffer, voor hun gemeenschap en uiteindelijk voor het hele Palestijnse volk. Dat, in combinatie met de genocidale daden in Gaza, op de bezette Westoever en in bezet Oost-Jeruzalem, zijn, ontneemt de Palestijnen hun menselijkheid. En (onder andere) daarin ligt het verband met genocide, schrijft Albanese:

De door Israël gepleegde genocidale daden, gericht op het vernietigen van de Palestijnen als groep, zijn ook bedoeld om hen als collectief te laten lijden. Door de fundamentele menselijke status van het slachtoffer aan te tasten, werkt marteling als een extreme vorm van uitsluiting uit de menselijke gemeenschap en tast het het individu diep aan.

Een stevige juridische onderbouwing van de misdaad die deze vormen van marteling zijn, ontbreekt niet in het rapport. Op z’n simpelst gezegd: marteling en vernederende, mensonterende straffen zijn onder alle omstandigheden verboden. Marteling is een schending van het VN-verdrag tegen marteling, een schending van het internationaal humanitair recht, en van het oorlogsrecht als het tijdens een conflict gebeurt. Het Genocideverdrag stelt dat het toebrengen van ernstig lichamelijk of geestelijk letsel een genocidale daad is, als het doel is om een groep geheel of gedeeltelijk te vernietigen.

Die onderbouwing is ook belangrijk omdat de verantwoordelijkheid daarmee niet alleen bij Israël ligt, maar ook bij de internationale gemeenschap. Die heeft de plicht om in te grijpen, en doet dat nu niet – integendeel, Israël wordt nog altijd geen strobreed in de weg gelegd. In haar aanbevelingen schrijft Albanese:

De speciale rapporteur dringt er bij de staten en internationale instellingen op aan alles in het werk te stellen om een einde te maken aan de vernietiging van wat er nog over is van Palestina. Deze verplichting is onmiddellijk en voortdurend. Elke vertraging verergert de onomkeerbare schade en versterkt een systeem van wreedheid dat het internationaal recht en de Verenigde Naties juist moeten voorkomen, stoppen en bestraffen.

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DE CORRESPONDENT

WAPENSTILSTAND? DE GENOCIDE IN GAZA GAAT

ONVERMINDERD DOOR

https://decorrespondent.nl/16684/wapenstilstand-de-genocide-in-gaza-gaat-onverminderd-door/3a1ff114-2290-0ac8-2ec7-0c5727908480

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[4]
NOS

Politici veroordelen bekladding Nationaal Monument op de Dam

ZIE VOOR GEHELE TEKST, NOOT 3

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[3]
NOS

Politici veroordelen bekladding Nationaal Monument op de Dam

Politici veroordelen de bekladding van het Nationaal Monument op de Dam. Afgelopen nacht werd het monument met rode verf besmeurd en het woord ‘genocide’ erop geschreven. Vanavond vindt de Nationale Herdenking plaats op de Dam.

Minister-president Jetten zegt tegen de NOS dat hij de actie “schandalig” en “onbegrijpelijk” vindt. Jetten hoopt dat de daders snel worden opgespoord en bestraft. De minister-president benadrukt dat hij alle Nederlanders zou willen vragen om “ondanks alle meningsverschillen en emoties die we voelen bij de conflicten van nu” vandaag 2 minuten stil te zijn. “Gedenk wie je wilt gedenken, maar heb ook respect voor al die mensen die eerder zijn gevallen.”

Minister van Defensie Yeşilgöz noemt de actie “intens triest” en “totaal respectloos en onacceptabel”. De minister schrijft dat het “onbegrijpelijk” is dat “ons Nationaal Monument op de Dam vernield wordt”. “Juist op de dag dat we onze doden en degenen die vielen voor onze vrijheid herdenken.”

‘Vernielingen horen er niet bij’

Minister van Justitie en Veiligheid Van Weel zegt dat demonstreren een recht is, “maar het bekladden van het Nationaal Monument op de Dam valt daar absoluut niet onder”. Van Weel meldt ook dat de politie onderzoek doet.

Fractievoorzitter van Progressief Nederland Klaver schrijft dat vandaag gaat om herdenken en stilstaan “met elkaar op een waardige manier”. Vernielingen horen daar “absoluut niet bij”, schrijft Klaver op X.

Partijleider van de PVV Wilders noemt de daders “tuig”.

Ook de burgemeester van Amsterdam heeft zich uitgesproken tegen de actie. Burgemeester Halsema noemt het een “ongelofelijk laffe daad”. Ze schrijft: “Dit is geen protest, maar vernielzucht en opzettelijke beschadiging van ons nationale monument. Het kwetst niet alleen nabestaanden van de Tweede Wereldoorlog, maar alle Nederlanders voor wie onze nationale herdenking belangrijk is.”

Volgens Halsema is de gemeente hard aan het werk om het monument schoon te krijgen.

Het Nationaal Monument werd in augustus vorig jaar ook beklad, tijdens een grote pro-Palestijnse demonstratie.

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[2]
NATIONAAL MONUMENT OP DE DAM BEKLAD MET RODE VERF OP DODENHERDENKING
4 MEI 2026
Het Monument op de Dam is in de nacht van zondag op maandag beklad met rode verf. Op beelden is te zien hoe schoonmakers de verf van het monument verwijderen. Maandagavond vindt op de Dam de Nationale Dodenherdenking plaats.

Op het monument werd met rode verf het woord “genocide” geschreven. Het is nog niet duidelijk wie verantwoordelijk is voor de actie. De politie laat aan NU.nl weten momenteel nog informatie te verzamelen.

Het monument werd al vaker beklad. In augustus vorig jaar schreef een demonstrant “Never again is now (Nooit meer is nu, red.)” op het monument. Ook in oktober bekladden demonstranten het monument met rode verf en schreven ze er ‘Fuck Israël’ op. Die laatste actie werd opgeëist door de groepering Palestine Action NL.

De Amsterdamse burgemeester Femke Halsema heeft de bekladding een “ongelooflijk laffe daad” genoemd op haar sociale media. Halsema spreekt van “vernielzucht en opzettelijke beschadiging van ons nationale monument”.

Ook premier Rob Jetten veroordeelt de actie. “Het bekladden van het Nationaal Monument op de Dam is een idiote en volstrekt onacceptabele actie. Al helemaal vandaag, op 4 mei”, schrijft hij op X. “Laten we vandaag eensgezind zijn en samen met respect stilstaan.”

Gedenkplekken WO II vaker te maken met geweld en bedreigingen

Jaarlijks vindt op 4 mei op de Dam in Amsterdam de Nationale Dodenherdenking plaats. Om 20.00 uur is het twee minuten stil voor de slachtoffers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog en ook van oorlogssituaties en vredesoperaties daarna.

Gedenkplekken van de Tweede Wereldoorlog hebben steeds vaker te maken met antisemitisme, geweld en bedreigingen, bericht NU.nl op maandag. Onder meer voormalige concentratiekampen, musea en begraafplaatsen zijn in toenemende mate doelwit van politiek gemotiveerd geweld.

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VOLKSKRANT

Nationaal Monument besmeurd met rode verf, Palestine Action Amsterdam eist de actie op

Het Nationaal Monument op de Dam in Amsterdam is beklad met rode verf. Op het monument, waar maandagavond de Nationale Dodenherdenking plaatsvindt, is onder meer het woord ‘genocide’ geschreven. De actiegroep Palestine Action Amsterdam heeft de actie opgeëist.

In een e-mail van Palestine Action Amsterdam die in handen is van Het Parool schrijft de groep dat de actie is bedoeld om ‘de hypocrisie’ van de dodenherdenking ‘aan de kaak te stellen’. ‘Later vandaag zullen de koning en de premier bloemen leggen bij het monument, terwijl het bloed van Palestijnen, Libanezen en Iraniërs aan hun handen kleeft.’

Het kabinet heeft boos gereageerd op de bekladding. ‘Het bekladden van het Nationaal Monument op de Dam is een idiote en volstrekt onacceptabele actie. Al helemaal vandaag, op 4 mei’, schreef premier Rob Jetten op sociale media.

Burgemeester Femke Halsema van Amsterdam spreekt van een ‘ongelooflijk laffe daad’. Halsema noemt de bekladding niet alleen kwetsend voor nabestaanden van slachtoffers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog, maar voor ‘alle Nederlanders voor wie onze nationale herdenking belangrijk is’. De gemeente doet aangifte van bekladding.

Bij het monument worden op 4 mei jaarlijks kransen neergelegd voor slachtoffers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog en andere oorlogsslachtoffers. Om 20.00 uur vinden twee minuten stilte plaats. Daarbij zijn onder meer het koningspaar en premier Jetten aanwezig. Het monument is voor de herdenking weer schoongemaakt.

Volgens de politie vond het incident vanochtend iets voor 04.30 uur plaats. Op dit moment zijn er drie verdachten in beeld. Zij vluchtten na de bekladding richting de straat Nes. De drie droegen regenkleding en hadden een witte boodschappentas bij zich. Op een video die door Palestine Action Amsterdam naar Het Parool is gestuurd, is te zien hoe drie figuren het monument bekladden.

De Nederlandse tak van Palestine Action besmeurde vorig jaar ook al het Paleis op de Dam met rode verf, ‘als symbool van het bloed dat aan de handen van de Nederlandse staat kleeft’. Ook het hoofdkantoor van Booking.com in Amsterdam en het auditorium van de Technische Universiteit Eindhoven moesten eraan geloven, omdat zij ‘medeplichtig’ zouden zijn aan de ‘genocide tegen de Palestijnen’.

Het Monument op de Dam is vorig jaar ook al eens beklad met rode verf. In augustus schreef een deelnemer aan een pro-Palestijnse demonstratie de tekst ‘Never Again is Now’ in rode letters op het monument.

EINDE

NOS

Nationaal Monument op de Dam beklad met rode verf op dag van Dodenherdenking

Het Nationaal Monument op de Dam in Amsterdam is beklad met rode verf. Bij het monument vindt vanavond de Nationale Herdenking plaats.

Ook is het woord ‘genocide’ op het monument geschreven, valt te zien op foto’s van stadsomroep AT5

Het is nog niet bekend wie achter de actie zit. De politie doet onderzoek en vraagt getuigen om zich te melden.

Burgemeester Halsema spreekt in een reactie van een “ongelooflijk laffe daad”. “Dit is geen protest, maar vernielzucht en opzettelijke beschadiging”, aldus de burgemeester van Amsterdam. “Het kwetst niet alleen nabestaanden van de Tweede Wereldoorlog maar alle Nederlanders voor wie onze nationale herdenking belangrijk is.”

Ook andere politici veroordelen de bekladdingen. Zo noemt premier Jetten het “een idiote en volstrekt onacceptabele actie”.

Hardnekkig

Volgens burgemeester Halsema werkt de gemeente “met man en macht” om het monument op tijd schoon te krijgen. Het gespecialiseerde schoonmaakbedrijf dat ook het onderhoud doet, had het monument de afgelopen week al schoongemaakt in aanloop naar de plechtigheid van vanavond.

Vanochtend om 04.45 uur werd het bedrijf gebeld over de bekladdingen. De schoonmakers zijn al uren met warm water en borstels in de weer. “Het is vrij hardnekkig. De steensoort is poreus en de rode verf heeft een heel sterk pigment. En het is ook nog eens rood op wit”, zegt een medewerker tegen het NOS Radio 1 Journaal.

Bij het monument worden vanavond kransen gelegd om oorlogsslachtoffers te herdenken. Daarbij zijn ook altijd de koning en koningin aanwezig. Om 20.00 uur is het 2 minuten stil.

Eerder beklad

Bekladdingen met rode verf vinden de afgelopen jaren vaker plaats. Het Nationaal Monument op de Dam werd vorig jaar ook al eens beklad tijdens een grote pro-Palestijnse demonstratie in augustus.

Ook andere bekende gebouwen en monumenten in Amsterdam werden eerder beklad, waaronder het Paleis op de Dam, het Rijksmuseum en andere musea in de stad.

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[1]
HET PAROOL

Nationaal Monument op de Dam weer schoon na bekladding, politie zoekt drie verdachten

ZIE VOOR GEHELE TEKST, NOOT 1A

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[1A]
‘Dit om de hypocrisie van de herdenkingsdag op 4 mei aan de kaak te stellen, waar de slachtoffers van de Holocaust en de Tweede Wereldoorlog worden herdacht, maar de stilte over de voortdurende genocide oorverdovend is. Later vandaag zullen de koning en de premier bloemen leggen bij het monument, terwijl het bloed van Palestijnen, Libanezen en Iraniërs aan hun handen kleeft.’
HET PAROOL

Nationaal Monument op de Dam weer schoon na bekladding, politie zoekt drie verdachten

Het Nationaal Monument op de Dam is in de nacht van zondag op maandag beklad met rode verf en de tekst ‘genocide’. Burgemeester Femke Halsema noemt de bekladding ‘een ongelooflijk laffe daad’. De politie is op zoek naar drie verdachten.
De bekladding gebeurde rond 04.30 uur. Een ANP-verslaggever liet maandagmiddag om 14.15 uur weten dat het monument weer schoon is.

De politie doet onderzoek en is op zoek naar drie verdachten die na de bekladding op de fiets richting de Nes zouden zijn gevlucht. Ze droegen regenkleding en hadden een witte tas bij zich. Er wordt niet uitgesloten dat er meer mensen bij betrokken waren. De politie roept getuigen op zich te melden. De gemeente doet aangifte van de bekladding, bevestigt een woordvoerder.

Nationale Dodenherdenking

Het is 4 mei, de dag van de Nationale Dodenherdenking. Om 20.00 uur wordt op de Dam, en in de rest van Nederland, twee minuten stilte gehouden ter nagedachtenis aan de slachtoffers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog en van oorlogssituaties en vredesoperaties daarna. Het Nationaal Comité 4 en 5 mei wil niet inhoudelijk reageren op de actie.

Een gemeentewoordvoerder laat weten dat de politie rondom de dodenherdenking altijd extra surveilleert in dit gebied. “Helaas betekent dat niet dat daarmee dergelijke verwerpelijke acties altijd te voorkomen zijn.”

Bekladding opgeëist door Palestine Action Amsterdam

De actiegroep Palestine Action Amsterdam heeft een video naar Het Parool gestuurd waarop te zien is hoe een groepje mensen in het donker het monument op de Dam bekladt. In een mail aan de NOS, in bezit van Het Parool, eisen ze de actie op.

‘Dit om de hypocrisie van de herdenkingsdag op 4 mei aan de kaak te stellen, waar de slachtoffers van de Holocaust en de Tweede Wereldoorlog worden herdacht, maar de stilte over de voortdurende genocide oorverdovend is. Later vandaag zullen de koning en de premier bloemen leggen bij het monument, terwijl het bloed van Palestijnen, Libanezen en Iraniërs aan hun handen kleeft.’

‘Ongelooflijk laffe daad’

Burgemeester Femke Halsema noemt de bekladding ‘een ongelooflijk laffe daad’. ‘Dit is geen protest, maar vernielzucht en opzettelijke beschadiging van ons nationale monument. Het kwetst niet alleen nabestaanden van de Tweede Wereldoorlog, maar alle Nederlanders voor wie onze nationale herdenking belangrijk is,’ schrijft ze in een post op Instagram.

Ook minister-president Rob Jetten spreekt van ‘een idiote en volstrekt onacceptabele actie’. ‘Al helemaal vandaag, op 4 mei. Laten we vandaag eensgezind zijn en samen met respect stilstaan,’ schrijft de premier in een bericht op X.

Alternatieve herdenking

De meningen over de nationale dodenherdenking op de Dam lopen uiteen. Sommige mensen vinden dat er geen ruimte is voor het herdenken van alle slachtoffers van oorlogsgeweld.

Zo wordt er in Den Haag maandag voor de tweede keer een alternatieve herdenking georganiseerd. “Als je zegt: nooit meer, dan moet je ook de verantwoordelijkheid nemen voor die woorden,” zei organisator Tessa Terpstra eerder tegen Het Parool.

Afgelopen oktober werd het Koninklijk Paleis op de Dam beklad met rode verf en de leus ‘Fuck Israël’. Die actie werd opgeëist door de groepering Palestine Action NL. In augustus vorig jaar werd het Nationaal Monument op de Dam beklad met graffiti, met de tekst: ‘Never again is now’.

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Bridgerton/Violet’s destructive role in the Break up of Anthony and Siena’s Love Affair

BRIDGERTON/VIOLET’S DESTRUCTIVE ROLE IN THE BREAK-UP OF ANTHONY AND SIENA’S LOVE AFFAIR
[Maybe Violet really thought she was acting with the best intentions, but that’s not good enough.
At some point she must have seen the hurt expression on her son’s face, but she turned a blind eye to it, even when she could have known that his ”Affair” was far more than an ”infatuation” [45]
And besides:
At some point it is of no importance anymore, whether your intentions
are good or bad.
Inflicting severe pain on someone is still inflicting severe pain, whatever the intentions.]
Violet: “Are you actually returning to your bachelor lodgings in the city, or is there a certain soprano you intend to visit?”
LADY VIOLET TO HER SON ANTHONY
[1AA]
Do not lecture me on my responsibilities! I have spent every waking hour of every day since my father died fulfilling those responsibilities. I have sacrificed EVERYTHING for this family! My youth, my desires, my… my very soul has been dedicated to ensuring the survival of the Bridgerton name!”   [1A]
 
OUTBURST OF ANTHONY AGAINST HIS MOTHER VIOLET
[SEASON 2]
 
 
 
HALLO FOLKS,
How are you today, my loyal Readers [HAHAHA]
As you know, I already wrote a lot about Bridgerton [1] and I intend to write more.
And although I’m planning to write about Anthony Bridgerton’s emotional state [Season 1 and 2], the non existing ”Ghost of Edmund” [Season 2] and whether he forgave his mother Violet after her selective excuses in Season 2 [2],
it suddenly struck me that, although I mentioned her crucial role a lot in
other posts [3], I never dedicated a special piece about Lady Violet’s role in the heartbreaking end of the love affair between Anthony Bridgerton
and opera singer Siena Rosso.
And with my weakness for impossible love affairs it is high time to delve deeper into La Violet’s [destructive] role in the Siena Rosso
Affair………. [4]
Perhaps this is not my last Post about this
We’ll see…..
LET’S GO!
LADY VIOLET AND HER SON ANTHONY
THE SEEDS OF TRAUMA
To smart viewers of the Bridgerton series it is crystal clear, that the
completely poisoned and strained relationship between mother Violet
and son Anthony in Season 2, uttering in Anthony’s coldness against his mother [5] stems directly from Anthony’s heartbreak
over the break up with Siena Rosso and his mother’s destructive role [6]
But to be fair:
Their bad relationship didn’t start with the Siena Rosso Affair, but had its roots
in their shared, painful past, going back to the death of Anthony’s father Edmund.
LET’S GO
We see an 18 years old Anthony, watching his father die, causing a trauma and his [pregnant] mother
lost in sorrow, what makes him not only Head of the Family [because of his father’s death, meaning managing the whole Estate and being the
legal guardian of his 7 brothers and sisters and also his mother] [7], but
since his mother was initially drowned in her deep mourning, also
burdening with the care of his 7 brothers and sisters.
Moreover, as the legal guardian of the Family [including his mother], he had to choose, at the difficult birth of his sister Hyacinth [8], between the
life of his mother and his sister [luckily they both survived childbirth, while he ordered the doctor to save them both]
A heavy burden for an 18 year old…..
But you can imagine also Violet’s perspective, also watching her husband
[and Anthony’s father] die [whom she loved very much], pregnant, knowing her new baby will never see its father, struggling through a
dangerous childbirth and forced to leave the decision over her future
[whether she or her baby must be saved, if  a medical
choice has to be made about which of the two should stay alive] into the hands of her 18 years son, whom she
doubtless doesn’t want to burden with something he doesn’t understand at all!
MOTHER AND SON/VISCOUNT AND DOWAGER VISCOUNTESS
The death trauma [since both watched father and husband die]
and the Childbirth trauma [see above] are only the Beginning.
More to come:, which is particularly a burden for the 18 years old
Anthony.
Not yet recovered from the shock of his father’s sudden death
and having faced his mother near death during childbirth, it is
not an exaggeration to say that his carefree youth is over.
Normally you get some support and warmth from your mother,
but not  in Anthony’s case.
That’s not completely Violet’s fault.
In the first period after her husband’s death she is so consumed
with grief, that she is incapable to do anything.
However understandable the deep mourning of Violet, that’s a heavy burden for young Anthony,
who not only becomes the new Viscount and the legal Head
of the Family, what makes him responsible for his mother
and his 7 brothers and sisters.
And of course he has to manage the whole Estate and has the duty to marry his off sisters. [9]
And on top of that, he had to take care for his 7 brothers and
sisters, a task that normally his mother had to perform.
REPEATING:
So in the initial period Anthony not only had to do his legal
obligations, a heavy burden on an inexperienced young man
of 18 years, but also to fulfil his mother’s care for his brothers and
sisters.
In modern terms we call that
Parentification [10]
You’d think his mother would have appreciated his efforts and showed it,
but that was not the case.
Not only she was too much drown in her own continuing grief,
that she took everything he did for granted, in most
cases she was cold, heartless and demanding to him, while
tender to her other children, especially her eldest daughter Daphne.
Definitely not out of lack of love [she loved him deeply in her heart],
but due to her unresolved grief, social panic [I come to that],
her new position as a widow [Dowager Viscountess] and yet another, strange factor.
For a strong willed woman like Violet it wasn’t easy to accept that
her own child was now her legal Head and she was ”reduced” to Dowager
Viscountess.
So the system [an 18 year old son being his mother’s legal head and bearing such a huge responsibility], the unresolved grief of mother
Violet and her inability to comfort her also grieving son and the fact, that in Regency Era a slightest mistake could lead to social death [11],
produced a very toxic Mother-Son relationship, since they also were
Viscount and Dowager Viscountess.
And although Violet wanted her son to be a ”strong leader” [easier
for her to remain mourning or hiding behind her mourning role when it fitted her. as became clear], she treated him as a 12 years old boy, often
scolding him as if he were little….
GROWING TENSIONS
 Violet not only showed little or no appreciation for all the work Anthony did to hold the Estate in good order, she had no eye at all for his personal
needs and desires and didn’t seem to understand, that an already burdened young man [at the age of 18 years] needs to make some pleasure
too.
So she constantly reminded him of his duties, and not only that:
She continually blackmailed him emotionally with his father,
pointing out that his father did things so much better [yes, it is strange:
he had a yearlong experience] and as nothing helped anymore, she
blackmailed him with the ”marriage prospects” of his sisters….[12]
SIENA ROSSO
With a dysfunctional, toxic and strained relationship you’d think it
couldn’t get any worse.
BUT IT CAN!
IN FACT:
What happened next is nearly the breaking point in the relationship
between Anthony and his mother.
Had she pushed a little harder [for example by chasing Siena
out of the town], had Anthony possessed more of his sister Eloise’s rebellious character [13] it would have resulted in a break…..
At a certain point, Anthony fell desperately in love with opera singer  Siena Rosso [14].
And I say ”desperately”, because a possible marriage with an opera singer
was a no go in Regency Era, leading to immediate social death
to the whole Bridgerton Family, especially because Anthony was the
Head of the Family [15]
And Violet discovered that [16]
And what is her reaction?
PURE HORROR!
Look, I can understand her social panic, since a deep
involvement and certainly a marriage between an aristocrat and
an opera singer will inevitably lead to social ruin, not only for
Anthony, but for the whole Bridgerton Family.
So her FEAR of social death or ruin is justified.
But that is not my point.
DEHUMANIZATION
My point is Violet’s total lack of motherly care and her nearly
inhuman approach of the situation.
In factm speaking about Siena Rosso she acts as if she is not
a human being, but just a ”threat” that must be eliminated.
When she first confronts Anthony about Siena’s existence
in his life, she refers to ”a certain soprano”[18], so reducing
the living woman to her occupation, which is worse
because not seeing her as a human being, but also
opera singers were not considered ”immoral women” [19]
Now if you only think so, that’s your business.
[I think it was a combination of fear of social death and personal
disapproval of her and her occupation, not worth a Viscount.]
But to speak to your son about the woman he has an affair with like this
and not realizing [even when it was not love, it was painful to hear] how
it hurts him I think it’s unforgivable
And from that moment, she lost no opportunity to remind him
of his duties., with the usual emotional blackmail with his dead father, working on his feelings of guilt.
Apparently it didn’t cross her mind, that it could be love and she
not only emotionally blackmailed him, she dismissed his love for Siena as a mere ”infatuation” or something to be ashamed of. [19A]
That was the more painful since his sister Daphne was also deeply
in love with his best friend Simon Basset, but was allowed to marry for love, since Simon came from the same social standing, being a Duke [20]
So of course his resentment against his mother grew and certainly
he didn’t trust her supposedly conditional love [in reality she loved him
, but understandably Anthony didn’t see it that way, because she didn’t show it at all] [21]
There were three occasions on which she clearly showed her heartlessness
IN HIS OFFICE ”A CERTAIN SOPRANO”
The first time Violet confronts Anthony she [firstly talking about
other things] says literally
Are you actually returning to your bachelor lodgings in the city, or is there a certain soprano you intend to visit?”
Whether she then realizes, that Anthony has serious feelings for Siena [ she does realize it latr [23] is not important here.
She knows that what she says is hurtful, because she deliberately
demonizes her by refusing to mention her name.
And again:
It’s unforgivable to hurt your son like that for there are a thousand ways
to say that you find an affair unfitting without deliberately inflicting pain.
That’s what I so dislike about Violet’s attitude, making her ”pleas for love” in Season 2 so hypocritical [24], especially since in Season 1 she constantly
annoyed Anthony with her obsession with ”duty” and his ”dead father”……
AT A SOCIETY EVENT ”NEEDLEWORK”
And of course Violet tried it again [that woman never stops!]
At a Society Event, where Siena was asked to sing, Anthony stared
longingly and emotionally at her.
Violet saw him staring and probably realizing that it was
not an ”infatuation”, but something much deeper and that her sabotage tactic didn’t work [after the
”certain soprano” incident Anthony broke up with Siena but
they came together again/It was an on/off relationship, but longstanding],
she ”presented” to him two of the most silly marriage candidates, which he, of course, rejected! [25]
A Hilarious Scene.
One of the ”marriage candidates” was praised by Violet for her needlework!
Watch under note 26
And Violet wouldn”t be Violet if she hadn’t had the last word:
This was what she said [Admittedly, in a worried and sad tone:
”You’ll end up alone, with such expectations” [27]
[Anthony had presented to her rather impossible demands
for a marriage candidate, because he couldn’t tell  her what she
already knew: that his heart was occupied elsewhere already….] [28]
AGAIN IN HIS OFFICE/ONE OF THOSE CONFRONTATIONS
Since Violet is a woman who keeps pushing, here is one of her
confrontations again.
At another occasion she approaches Anthony again about his
”passions” or ”distractions” [or whatever she calls it] , blackmails him again with his dead fathers, mentions [not totally unjustified] the
marriage prospects of his sisters [29] and of course there is that
demonization again, mentioning his love affair as if it were something
sordid….[30]
EMOTIONAL GAP BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON/
THE DUEL
To illustrate how wide the emotional gap between mother and son was
I will tell the following:
After the duel with his best friend Simon Basset for the honor of his sister Daphne [31][that never was thanks to Daphne”s intervention [32], Anthony comes home.
and when he enters the
living room his mother hardly looks at him and begins nagging and chattering
about the lace for Daphne’s wedding dress, not even knowing how
near to death her son had been. [33]
Should she have paid any attention to him instead of meaningless chattering
about a wedding dress ”approved by the Ton” [34], she would have seen
the state of mind he was in.
Now he had to cope with his emotional loneliness, desperate love and emotional neglect by his mother, who didn’t even realize or know that she could have received a message of his death without even knowing that he was going to duel, something Siena did know. [35]
In those times, Siena’s house was home to him, not the House where
his mother lived.
Siena’s House meant warmth, love and an Open Hearth, Violet’s Place [which was his
house of course] meant coldness, rejection and heartlessness, despite
her undeniable love for him. [36]
That was the most tragic of all……
AT LAST
I’VE SACRIFIED EVERYTHING
Do not lecture me on my responsibilities! I have spent every waking hour of every day since my father died fulfilling those responsibilities. I have sacrificed EVERYTHING for this family! My youth, my desires, my… my very soul has been dedicated to ensuring the survival of the Bridgerton name!”   [37]
 
OUTBURST OF ANTHONY AGAINST HIS MOTHER VIOLET
[SEASON 2]
 
The Outburst ”I’VE SACRIFICED EVERYTHING” against Violet
in Season 2 is the result of Violet’s yearlong emotional neglect and nagging about ”duties” and especially her emotional sabotage which costed him dearly:
His love for Siena [38], which was an enormous blow.
The attitude of his mother was cold and heartless and the only person
who really comforted him was his close friend Simon, now Daphne’s husband. [39]
The Outburst ”ÉVERYTHING” referred to the heartbreak over Siena…..[40]
THE SEED AND THE HARVEST/CONCLUSION
Some people may defend Violet and say that she had no choice
with her hard stance in the Siena Rosso Affair, because of the real threat of social exclusion, leading to  social death [41]
Others will say that she acted with the best intentions.
TWO THINGS
FIRST

Although her fear of social death was real [42], there is a difference between

not wishing someone in your or your son’s life and downright dehumanization and making your son feel that he must be ashamed of his feelings [43]
The things Violet said about Siena Rosso were dehumanizing, hateful and mean [44]
And the worst part was, that she didn’t seem to care or realize  how much she was hurting her son.
  And neither fear of social exclusion nor unresolved grief was an excuse for that!
SECOND
Maybe Violet really thought she was acting with the best intentions, but that’s not good enough.
At some point she must have seen the hurt expression on her son’s face, but she turned a blind eye to it, even when she could have known that his ”Affair” was far more than an ”infatuation” [45]
And besides:
At some point it is of no importance anymore, whether your intentions
are good or bad.
Inflicting severe pain on someone is still inflicting severe pain, whatever the intentions.
And besides:
Did she ever think of alternatives, such as getting married and leaving the country?
Then Benedict could fulfill Anthony’s tasks.
It is just a thought, but she should have thought ”out of the box”
If for no other reason than that there is more to life than a family name, no matter how important, like your child’s happiness.
But I suspect she didn’t even consider it, because she felt he had to sacrifice himself for the greater good, leaving him alone in his heartbreak
HOWEVER:
She paid the price by watching his cold behaviour towards her in Season 2,
a price she had to pay, saving the Viscount and almost losing her son
 I wonder if he really forgave her in Season 2, since her excuses were selective [46]
But that’s for another Time
THANKS FOR READING
ASTRID ESSED
NOTES
NOTE 1AA
NOTE 1A
NOTE 1
NOTE 2
NOTE 3
NOTE 4
NOTE 5
NOTE 6
NOTE 7
NOTES 8 AND 9
NOTE 10
NOTE 11
NOTE 12
NOTES 13 T/M 15
NOTES 16 AND 17
NOTE 18
NOTE 19
NOTES 20 AND 21
NOTE 22
NOTE 23
NOTE 24
NOTES 25 T/M 28
NOTE 29
NOTE 30
NOTES 31 T/M 34
NOTES 35 T/M 37
NOTES 38 T/M 40
NOTES 41 t/m 43
NOTE 44
NOTE 45
NOTE 46

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